확산탄금지협약의 발효와 한국의 과제
International Ban on Cluster Munitions
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이 글은 2010년 8월 1일 발효된 확산탄금지협약을 소개하고, 주요 내용과 한계를 다루고 있다. 협약의 발효 전 국제관행에 따르면 확산탄의 사용은 합법적이며, 민간인에게 확산탄을 무차별적으로 사용한 때에 한하여 법적 책임이 인정되고 있다. 확산탄금지협약은 확산탄의 사용, 생산, 비축, 양도를 금지하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 보유무기의 파괴와 제거의무, 피해자 지원과 국제협력의 의무를 부과하고 있다. 협약의 탄생과정이나 내용면에서 확산탄금지협약은 1997년의 지뢰금지협약과 유사하다. 두 협약이 모두 강대국의 영향권에 있는 제네바 군축회의 바깥에서 새로운 프로세스를 통해 탄생했다. 확산탄금지협약은 국제인도법을 구체화하였으며, 국제인도법과 국제인권법의 연계성을 강화하였다. 유감스러운 대목은 강대국의 로비에 의해 추가된 비당사국과의 협력규정은 협약의 정신을 허물어뜨릴 수 있는 트로이 목마라는 점이다. 한국 정부는 특수한 안보상황을 이유로 확산탄금지협약에 가입하지 않았다. 한국은 현재로서는 당사국이 아니기 때문에 협약상의 의무를 부담하지는 않겠지만 확산탄금지와 관련하여 발전하는 국제관습법상의 법적 책임까지 벗어날 수 없다. 아마도 지뢰에 관한 관습법이 향후 확산탄 문제에 대한 관습법을 판단하는 데에 기준이 되리라고 본다.
Abstract
This article aims to introduce the main issues concerning Convention on Cluster Munitions(CCM). Human rights workers and pacifist lawyers have critically pointed that a cluster bomb is one of the indiscriminate weapons which are forbidden in the international humanitarian law. Meanwhile, the recent legal decisions of foreign domestic courts, international commissions or courts have showed that the use of cluster bombs was not illegal per se. Convention on Cluster Munitions changes fundamentally the legal status of cluster bomb and declares illegal the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of cluster bombs. CCM is accepted as an example of global governance, because International NGOs, human rights organization or human rights workers made great coalition with some government representatives against the strong influence of power states in oder to abolish the cluster bombs. Considering the contents and process of CCM, Oslo process(CCM) is similar to the Ottawa Process which resulted in Mine Ban Treaty(1997). CCM consolidates the international humanitarian law, enlarges the principle of distinction or proportionality and, reinforces the linkage between international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Korean Government refuses to be a state party to the CCM on the ground of the special imminent threat from North Korea. Korean Government is importing all kinds of cluster bombs from USA and two Korean companies are exporting cluster bombs. For the time being, Korean government doesn’t assume any legal duty under this convention. But it should not be overlooked that there is an emerging customary international law affirming state support for the Mine Ban Treaty and state obligation to assist landmine victims. For customs and guidelines related to landmine are expected to become sooner or later rules of the customary law for cluster bombs.
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