요한계시록의 저항 언어: 유대 묵시문헌과의 상호텍스트성 분석을 중심으로
The Resistance Language of Revelation: An Intertextual Reading of Revelation and Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
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이 논문은 요한계시록을 고난과 저항의 관점에서 새롭게 읽으려는 시도이다. 요한계시록은 독자들이 하나님의 종말론적 구원을 기다리도록 함으로써 평화주의 혹은 무저항을 옹호한다는 일반적 견해에 맞서, 논자는 요한계시록의 저항 언어가 폭력 저항을 배제하면서 수동적 인내와 능동적 저항의 긴장 관계를 유지한다는 주장을 편다. 이 해석은 요한계시록의 저항 언어를 유대 묵시문헌과의 상호텍스트성 관점에서 재구성한 것이다. 유대 묵시문헌은 무저항 혹은 비폭력 저항뿐만 아니라 폭력 저항의 메시지를 담고 있다. 에스라4서, 에녹 서신, 모세승천기 등은 무저항 혹은 비폭력 저항을 지지하는 반면에, 동물 묵시록, 몇 주간의 묵시록, 전쟁 두루마리, 아브라함 묵시록, 시빌의 신탁 제5권 등은 폭력 저항을 옹호한다. 요한계시록의 저항 언어는 수동적 인내와 능동적 저항의 긴장 관계를 유지한다. 요한계시록은 짐승으로 대표되는 악의 세력이 막강한 권세를 행사하는 종말의 특정한 시기에 그리스도인들이 폭력 저항을 삼가고(계 13:10) 경제적 고난을 감내함으로써(계 13:16-17) 수동적으로 인내해야 함을 말한다. 반면에, 요한계시록 14:4 및 17:14에 암시된 성전(聖戰)의 개념은 유대 묵시문헌이 말하는 폭력 저항을 옹호하지는 않지만, 종말론적 전쟁이라는 능동적 저항의 메시지를 담고 있다. 또한, 요한계시록에는 정의의 실현을 요구하는 기도라는 비폭력적이지만 능동적인 저항의 언어가 담겨 있다(계 6:10; 8:3). 독자들에게 요구되는 수동적 인내와 능동적 저항 사이의 긴장 관계는 어린 양과 사자로 상징되는 예수 그리스도의 이중적 이미지와 연관된다.
Abstract
This article is an attempt to read the Book of Revelation in light of suffering and resistance. Over against the popular view that Revelation encourages the readers to wait on God for eschatological salvation and in so doing endorses pacifism or nonresistance, this article argues that Revelation’s resistance language maintains a tension between passive endurance and active resistance, while falling short of endorsing violent resistance. For this purpose, I have tried to read Revelation in terms of intertextuality. Not only nonresistance or nonviolent resistance but also violent resistance is embedded in Jewish apocalyptic literature. The Animal Apocalypse, the Apocalypse of Weeks, the War Scroll, the Apocalypse of Abraham, and Sibylline Oracle 5 endorse violent resistance, whereas 4 Ezra, the Epistle of Enoch, and the Assumption of Moses support nonresistance or nonviolent resistance. Then, I have pursued an in-depth reading of several key verses of the Apocalypse. I have suggested that Revelation’s resistance language keeps a dialectical tension between passive endurance and active resistance. The Apocalypse encourages the readers to passively endure as it deters them from pursuing assertive resistance, either in militant (Rev 13:10) or economic terms (Rev 13:16-17), when the beast is allowed to hold absolute sway at a certain point in time within the apocalyptic framework. Special attention has been paid to Rev 14:4 and 17:14, which may be taken to allude to a holy war. These verses raise the possibility that Christians are invited to an eschatological war, though their ambiguous terms stop short of endorsing human violence. Besides, the Apocalypse is inscribed with such nonviolent yet active resistance language as prayers for the realization of justice (Rev 6:10; 8:3). Revelation’s ambivalent attitude toward resistance between passive endurance and active resistance is informed by Jesus’ twofold image as represented by the Lion and the Lamb in Revelation.
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