종교개혁자들과의 비교를 통한 칼빈의 언약 개념 연구
A Study on Concept of Covenant of John Calvin through Comparison with his Contemporary Reformers
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이 연구는 특별히 16세기 종교개혁자들의 언약 사상을 살펴봄으로써 칼빈의 언약 개념이 진공 상태에서 만들어진 것이 아니라 당대에 종교개혁자들 사이에서 공통적으로 받아들여지고 있던 언약 사상의 영향 아래 칼빈이 자신의 언약론을 기술하고 있다는 점을 제시한다. 루터와 멜란히톤은 용어상의 차이는 있었지만, 공통적으로 언약 개념을 약속(promissio)으로 규정한다. 츠빙글리와 불링거는 이와는 다르게 개념상으로 말 그대로 언약(foedus)을 강조하면서 언약의 본질이 하나님이 우리의 하나님 되시며 우리가 하나님의 백성이라고 주장한다. 칼빈은 ‘프로미시오’ 개념과 ‘포에두스’ 개념 모두를 자신의 언약 사상 안에 받아들인다. 16세기의 다른 종교개혁자들과 함께 칼빈은 구원사 속에 유일하고 영원한 언약이 있다는 입장을 취하면서도 양적인 차이의 차원과 질적인 차이의 차원이 있음을 제시한다. 옛언약과 새언약 사이에 양적인 차이는 계시와 성령으로서 새언약에서 하나님의 계시가 옛언약에서보다 더 분명하고 명확하게 나타난다면, 새언약에서 성령은 옛언약에서보다 더 강력하게 역사하신다. 또한 질적인 차이의 차원에 대해 칼빈은 옛언약을 율법과 문자라고 지칭하고 새언약을 복음과 영이라고 지칭하며, 옛언약은 인간에게 죽음을 가져오고, 새언약은 인간에게 생명을 선물한다는 점을 지적한다. 칼빈의 언약 개념은 당대에 전혀 새로울 것이 없었으며, 칼빈은 다른 종교개혁자들의 언약 사상을 성경적 입장에서 포용하고 수용하면서 자신만의 독특한 용어로 표현했다고 할 수 있다. 우리는 칼빈에게서 이런 포괄적인 언약 사상의 종합과 발전을 목도하는 것이다.
Abstract
This study shows through observing covenant thoughts of the 16th century Reformers, that Calvin’s concept of covenant was not formed in the vacuum, but he describes his doctrine of covenant under the influence of his contemporary Reformers. Despite terminological difference, Luther and Melanchthon define commonly the idea of covenant as promissio. Zwingli and Bullinger emphasize differently the covenant as foedus and affirm that the essence of the covenant is, that God is our God and we are his people. Calvin accepts both promissio-concept and foedus-concept in his covenant thought. With 16th century Reformers, Calvin takes up the position that there is the only eternal covenant in the salvation history, and presents that there is differences in both quantative and qualitative dimensions between the old and new covenant. The difference in the quantative dimension has two elements, that is, revelation and the Holy Spirit. In the new covenant, the revelation of God appears more explicitly and the Holy Spirit works more powerfully. Also Calvin designates with regard to the difference in the qualitative dimension the old covenant as law and letter and the new covenant as gospel and spirit. The old covenant brings us death and the new covenant gives us life. Calvin’s covenant idea was not new in his time. He embraces the covenant thoughts of 16th century Reformers in the biblical basis and represents them as his own terminology. We see the comprehensive synthesis and development of the covenant ideas in his covenant thought.
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