서울 한양도성의 기능과 방위체제

Abstract

The Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong)built in early period when Joseon was established was the practical structure to block the invasion of enemies or rebellion and was the symbol of national stability and protection of sovereignty of a state. It contributed on securing stability of governing system and social class system by demonstrating the dignity of sovereign power and authority of a state to the public internally. In other words, it had the function as the practical symbol of ideological and political philosophy, the symbol of sovereign power. Such function was proved by the castle town system in dynasties of many generations in Korea. A castle town in Joseon period following Three States period and Goryeo period had more significant meaning as the symbol of sovereign power than as the defense function. Joseon dynasty built the palace and castle town right after moving the capital to Hanyang(present Seoul). The fortress wall was built in 18.627km along the hills of four mountains and fields around the palace. The fortress system including Bukhansanseong, Tangchundaeseong and Namhansanseong and capital town defense system having 4 magistrates in Suwon, Gwangju, Ganghwa and Gaeseong around the Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong) were built as the defense system for the capital town. The fortresses and magistrate provinces had essential facilities for survival of a king and soldiers and temples and pavilions to keep monk soldiers. Furthermore, the fortress gates including Wongyomun gate, Geungyomun gate, Doseongmun gate and Gungseongmun gate were a part of capital town defense system on the gateways on the border. Hanseongbu had the defense system with the castle on the field and fortress system in Joseon period as inheriting the defense system used since Three States period. The capital town structure with the castle on the field and fortress might be for military purposes to protect a capital town or help the public or a king to flee. Furthermore, the Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong)had the fortress system having the distinguished common value as the World Heritage because it had the intermediary fortress(Tangchundaeseong) connecting the capital town and the fortress(Bukhansanseong). The central command organized in the military system for the defense system of capital town in Joseon period in mid 15thcentury comprised five camps, Uiheungwi, Yongyangwi, Hobunwi, Chungjwawi and Chungmuwi. Five camps had the regional forces as well as Hanseongbu and 13 branches of central command. However, five camps system was one of training systems and the central command was organized with professional soldiers Gapsa(armed bodyguard). Jingwan system(garrison-command structure) comprising the defense system for border areas was supplemented in early 16thcentury. The command group including commanding generals was sent from the central government to the regional camps and so local self-defense was implemented as those command groups commanded the soldiers. Meanwhile, the Joseon dynasty passing through Japanese invasion in 1592 and Manchu invasion in 1636 reorganized the military system and defense system for Hanyang. In other words, Hunryeondogam(military training agency) was established and Samsubyeong(three combat forces) including Posu(musketeers), Sasu(archers) and Salsu(lancers and swordmen), the special forces, was established using the general public and the lowest class of people. When Yi Gwal’s rebellion broke out in 1624(2nd year of King Injo’s reign), Chongyungcheong(command of Northern approaches) was organized to strengthen the defense of Seouland Gyeonggi region. Later, it wholly took charge of defense for Bukhansanseong. Furthermore, Namhansanseong fortress was built in early period during King Injo’s reign and Sueocheong(command of Southern approaches) was established in Namhansanseong for guarding several Jins(camps) around. Eoyeongcheong(capital guard units) was established in 1652(3rd year of King Hyojong’s reign) and comprised the forces mainly focusing on gunners and cavalry. Moreover, Geumwiyeong(capital garrison) was established to strengthen the defense of capital town in 1682(8th year of King Sukjong’s reign). Then, the capital town defense system was built around 5 camps, Hunryeongdogam(military training agency), Chongyungcheong(command of Northern approaches), Sueocheong(command of Southern approaches), Eoyeongcheong(capital guard units) and Geumwiyeong(capital garrison). Those five military systems were kept as the capital city defense system until the modern military system was introduced at the end of 19th century. Meanwhile, the king Sukjong tried to keep the capital town defense system by building Bukhansanseong fortress and reducing the Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong)in 1710. 「Suseongjeolmok(Castle Defense Rules)」 was established in accordance with the royal command of King Yeongjo in 1751. All public in Hanseongbu(capital city) were assigned in diverse positions in the capital city for three military forces, Hunryeongdogam(military training agency), Eoyeongcheong(capital guard units) and Geumwiyeong(capital garrison), and had to defense the capital town in each one’s position in case of national emergency. As described above, the capital town defense plan by civil defense which made all public in a capital town organized into the capital town defensesystem was prepared. Such capital town defense plan was advanced to the system to defense a capital town by appointing magistrates, the special local governors, in four cities around Seoulincluding Ganghwa, Suwon, Gwangju and Gaeseong, as the king Jeongjo reformed the military system during his reign. "Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong)" was the fortress wall system built with the capital town defense of Joseon dynasty as the basic function in the pre-modern period. In other words, the practical and physical structure of capital city and military mobilization and commanding system enabled to keepthe defense system of a capital town. It was a kind of defense power and national power of Joseon dynasty. However, the true power protecting a nation was to clarify politics and religion and make the public live in peace and rich. It is real national power and defense power. In such aspects, with the assumption that "Fortress Wall of Seoul(Hanyangdoseong)"had the practical functions as the final bastion of defense system of Joseon dynasty, the livelihood of the public should be stabilized by right politics and enlightenment for stabilizing and continuing the system.