분단체제와 서울의 도시구조

Abstract

This paper is to discover how Divided Korea was operated on architecture and urbanism of Seoul under the Cold War System and how those works were engraved in Seoul. In 1960s & 70s there were many epoch-making events such as 4.19 student revolution, 5.16 coup, Five-year economic development plan etc... . President Park Chung-hee was at the center. Due to his weak points - power based on coup, leftist activist and Japanese military service career, the late president Park abused art and architecture for his political purpose to keep the political power. We can read how it was from the urban structure of Seoul. When Korea was divided after liberation in 1945, the population of Seoul was only one million, and it grew into a city of ten million people after 60 years. The biggest physical change in the city’s growth process was the expansion of its urban areas south of the Han River. The reality of a divided Korea was the motivation behind this urban expansion. It was also used as an excuse for an immoral government to obtain legitimacy through the proclamation of anti-communism. Furthermore, the construction of the Freedom Center and its status was used to win support externally and reinforce ideology internally. This motivation was particularly clear after the Blue House raid of 1.21. Occurring at the climax of the Cold War, it provided the momentum necessary to fundamentally change the city, creating the Seoul of today and accelerating development south of the Han. The city was traditionally developed around the old downtown north of the Han and during the confrontation between North and South it required new urban planning initiatives to ensure its safety. It led to development south of the Han River and the construction of a temporary capital. With this, the government drilled a tunnel through Namsan and built a bridge in preparation for war. Under the pretext of immanent war, development south of the Han was accelerated and a submersible bridge was constructed, causing changes in the urban structure. As the Park Chung-hee era was protracted, urban changes became particularly severe when construction plans for a temporary capital were announced in 1977. Through the use of anti-communism as an expedient of ideological control, the regime had greatly expanded its realm of influence. Anti-communist ideology was reflected selectively in only a few buildings in the early days of Park’s power following the 5.16 coup. However, the events of 1.21 accelerated development south of the Han River and led to the extreme measure of constructing a temporary capital during the long-term seizure of power permitted by the Yushin Constitution. Although the final measure, construction of the temporary capital, was held in suspension because of the death of president Park, anti-communist ideology left the Gwacheon Complex as its legacy. It continued to be a powerful ideology during the new military dictatorship that succeeded the Park Chung-hee regime and left a great imprint throughout the country.