아시아태평양 공항 네트워크의 구조와 허브지수
Structure and Hub Index of the Asia-Pacific Airport Network
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초록
허브 앤 스포크 망은 1970년대 미국의 규제 완화 이후 생겨난 항공사 노선망의 형태이다. 이는 유한한 자원인 항공기를 효과적으로 운영하기 위한 방법이었다. 이런 허브 앤 스포크 망은 전 세계로 퍼져 나갔고, 21세기 각국은 허브공항을 대외교류의 거점, 사람, 정보, 문화가 집결되고 전파되는 중심으로 인식하고 있으며, 이에 따라 허브공항들 간의 경쟁은 치열하다. 허브 앤 스포크 망은 항공 산업 분야의 연구에서 많이 다뤄졌지만 네트워크 과학 측면에서도 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 전 세계의 공항 네트워크는 인터넷, 월드와이드웹과 함께 척도 없는 네트워크의 사례로 종종 언급되고 있다. 네트워크 과학은 노드와 링크로 표현될 수 있다면 모두 적용이 가능하다. 본 논문은 아시아태평양의 공항 네트워크를 네트워크 과학 측면에서 구조적으로 분석한 것이다. 그리고 사회 네트워크 학문에 통용되는 중심성 개념을 허브지수로 활용하여 허브공항의 순위를 평가하였다. 연결 정도 중심성, 근접 중심성, 매개 중심성, 고유벡터 중심성 등의 허브지수를 기준으로 평가한 결과, 몇몇 공항은 어느 지수로 평가해도 상위권에 속하였다. 그러나 하나의 허브지수에서 상위권이지만 다른 허브지수에서는 그렇지 않는 경우도 있었다. 공항 네트워크는 소수의 허브가 존재하는 척도 없는 네트워크이며, 이 허브를 평가할 때는 다양한 관점으로 바라보고 그 의미를 해석해야 한다. 흔히 환승률 단 하나만으로 허브공항을 평가하는 잣대로 삼고 있는데 이것보다는 다른 관점에서의 지표가 필요하다.
Abstract
The hub and spoke network is a form of airline network, which emerged after the U.S. government's deregulation in the 1970s. The objective of this network strategy is to enhance the effectuality of aircraft operation, as aircrafts are limited resources. The hub and spoke network spread over the world; in the 21st century, hub airports are internationally defined and acknowledged as the centers and origin points of global trade, governing the flow of people, information and culture. Naturally, the competition among hub airports is growing severer by day. The hub and spoke network has been studied in various fields of the aviation industry, but it is now attracting interest in the aspect of network science. Airport networks around the world are often referred to as show cases of scale-free networks, along with the world wide web and the internet. Network science can be applied to any given field, as far as the subject can be described in terms of nodes and links. This study is a structural analysis of the airport network in the Asia Pacific region from the perspective of network science. Hub airports are ranked based on hub indices, derived from the notion of centrality, which is a concept used in the social network studies. Evaluations based on hub indices, such as degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality showed that certain airports always ranked higher than others, regardless of the applied index. However, other airports were less consistent, being ranked high for certain indices but low for others. Airport networks are scale-free networks, consisting of a small number of hubs. There is a need to employ a wide variety of perspectives in evaluating and understanding these hubs. Transfer rates are often used as the sole index in assessing the statuses of hub airports, but there is a need to apply multiple other indices from different stances.
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