후쿠자와 유키치의 ‘건강’을 읽는다 : 메이지 일본의 정치사상과 신체관
Reading Fukuzawa Yukichi’s ‘Health’: Political Thought and View of Body in Meiji Japan
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近代日本の思想家のなかでも、福沢諭吉ほど多くの論者に語られてきた人物もいないだろう。それほどに、また、評価の分れる人物もいないだろう。福沢に対する評価は両極化している。一方で、健全なナショナリストかつ自由と平等を強調した自由主義の先駆者として、他方で、脱亜入欧論の提唱者であり帝国主義思想の萌芽を示す思想家として描写されもする。そして、こうした両極端な評価を一つにまとめるために、福沢が初期にみせた健全な思想は日本の国権が強まるにつれ「転向」していった、あるいは、すでに初期から福沢の思想には国権論的思想傾向が「内在」していたなどという評価に発展する。 本稿では、福沢諭吉の健康と身体に関する言説を通じて、その身体観がいかに福沢の政治思想に溶け込んでいたのかを考察することで、その思想を再読することを試みた。福沢は健康を、力の「偏重」のない状態、すなわち「均衡」として捉え、国家においてもこの均衡が核心となると考えた。だが、ここで福沢のいう均衡とは単に折衷主義的なものではなく、あくまでも「運動」と「過程」のなかで捉えられるものであった。言い換えれば、健康(生命)とは、なにか客観的に存在する固定された「状態」ではなく、むしろ均衡を維持しつづけていくある「過程」として捉えられていた。こうした生命観は福沢の思想全般にわたるものであった。 福沢は民権を強調しもしたが、民権が力を得ていた時期には逆に国権を強調しもした。だが、それは民権あるいは国権自体を重要視したための発言ではなかった。つまり、政府の役割を強調したからといって国権論者として評価することも、人民の役割を強調したからといって民権論者として評価することも、本質的には妥当ではない。むしろ福沢にとってはなによりも均衡が、国家という身体の健康を維持可能とする一義的な条件であったのである。だとすれば、重要なのは、民権論なのか国権論なのかを問う二分法的区分ではなく、均衡という世界観それ自体こそを福沢の思考における核心軸として捉えるパラダイムの転換であろう。
Abstract
Among modern Japanese thinkers, there will be no one who has been discussed much as Fukuzawa Yukichi. Also, there will be no person whose evaluation is dramatically divided into pros and cons like him. Advocates see him as an enlightenment thinker, a mentor to modernization of Japan, and a great founder of Meiji civilization. On the other hand opponents portray him as a thinker who is a war agitator of Asia and ideologically justifies Japanese imperialism. And in order to understand these incompatible evaluations, critics estimate that his sound thought in early time has "converted" to the right-wing, or his philosophy had already been based on the theory of ultra-nationalism. However, this alleged incompatibility between his estimation as a liberalist(minkenronsha) or ultra-nationalist(kokkenronsha) rests on misunderstanding his logic. In this paper, by examining the discourse on health of Fukuzawa Yukichi, I attempted to reread his political thought. Fukuzawa defined health as a state "without equilibrium of power", that is a "balance". And this idea on health is also central to decipher his political thought. He emphasized the balance in politics between politicians and scholars, that is state and society. Nevertheless, this is not to say that thought of Fukuzawa is simply an eclectic one. Considering that health or life should be regarded as a certain "process" that maintains balance rather than a objectively fixed "state", these views on health were revealed all over Fukuzawa's thought including his political orientation. It is true that Fukuzawa sometimes emphasized civil rights, sometimes advocates national rights. However, it is not appropriate to define him on either side as a liberalist(minkenronsha) or ultra-nationalist(kokkenronsha) On the contrary, his importance of balance rather than this dichotomy is more central to decipher his political thought.
참고문헌 (13)
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