영화 <하얀 리본>의 폭력에 관한연구 - 문화인류학과 정신분석 이론을 중심으로 -

Abstract

This study researches various “nature of violence” seen in the film <White Ribbon (2009)> by Michael Haneke. The direct reason to start this study was that the term “violence” in everyday life contains various implications, but that there aren’t many specific studies. In verbal sense, the term violence refers to different concept according to the one who says the word, and in the words shared by attacker and victim, it refers to opposite concept. “White Ribbon”, the major subject of study is a film set in Northern Germany before WW1. The film contains verbal and physical violence as a black education. Haneke explored the “root of evil” which penetrates the film with such education, connected violence in modern family culture with the origin of German fascism and caught the link of violence. This became the clue to historically interpret the relationship between German fascism and family culture, and even expand such idea to the problem of European society. As for the theoretical tool, the study examined René Girard from cultural anthropological approach, and confirmed the influence of violence to human psychology from psychoanalysts such as Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan to Slavoj Žižek. As for the “root of evil” which is the background of violence, philosopher Hannah Arendt came to help. Five fathers in the film resort to verbal and physical violence in front of family and public place in common. In this part, Michael Haneke said in an interview with Mongrel media about the connection of his film to current issue of Europe regarding the verbal violence as below. There is nonstop fascism in France, Austria, Germany, everywhere you look, in how people treat each other. The verbal violence they use. They don’t treat the person as a person but as someone to be manipulated: this is daily fascism. According to René Girard’s logic, violence of father is delivered to children as the form of “violence reciproque”. The interesting part is that excluding the accident where the doctor fell from horse because of rubber band among the violent accidents that children plotted, there was no direct physical violence against adults. It can be interpreted as children who are used to violence and discipline of adults are not assured enough to face the adults. Also, it is another problem that the children’s crime is very close to realistic violence occurring in society. As the result, according to Lacan’s psychological analysis, there was sadistic Jouissance of father, the center of symbolic authority in film “White Ribbon”. To children, father’s authority is transcendental power which they cannot come close to. The influence of suppressive violence in church, school and family to man was traced. As for the result, the crime of children occurred without any ethical awareness or guilty conscience. Children who are the being of instable ego boundary are too conscious of others and use violence to others because their ego boundaries are unclear. Therefore, fathers are completely responsible for children turning into ugly criminals.