인도 근대경제단체 형성의 기원에 관한 연구: 벵갈상업회의소의 설립과 초창기 활동을 중심으로(1834-1853)
A Study on the Origin of the Formation of Modern Economic Organizations in India: Focusing on the Establishment and Early Activities of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, 1834-1853
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본 연구는 1834년 캘커타에서 설립되어 오늘날까지도 남아있는 벵갈상업회의소의 초창기 궤적을 통해 인도에서 상업회의소라는 근대경제단체가 등장하는 과정을 살펴보고자 한다. 이 시기 캘커타는 인도의 그 어느 도시보다 해외 및 내지무역이 발전하였으며, 그 결과 영국 상인들의 침투가 가장 심화되어 있는 도시였다. 특히 1813년과 1833년 두 차례에 걸쳐 단행된 동인도회사의 무역독점권 폐지를 계기로 새로운 가치와 이권을 추구하는 상인 집단들이 캘커타로 대거 유입되기 시작하였다. 그런데 동인도회사의 무역독점권 폐지는 상업적 기회의 증대와 함께 상인들 간의 자유방임적 경쟁이 가속화되는 것을 의미하였다. 특히 캘커타에 체재하면서 활동하고 있던 영국인 상인들 간의 경쟁이 가장 치열했는데, 이들은 1830년대 초반 발생한 대형 대리상사들의 연쇄도산을 계기로, 당시 만연하던 과도한 투자 경쟁으로 발생하는 폐단을 극복하고 자신들의 상업적 이익을 수호하기 위해 정보를 공유하고 집단적으로 행동하는 것이 바람직하다는 공감대를 형성하였다. 그 결과 1834년 3월 31일 벵갈상업회의소를 정식으로 설립하였다. 벵갈상업회의소의 구성원 절대 다수와 운영의 주체는 영국 상인들이었으나, 인도 상인들과의 관계에서 대립적 양상은 나타나지 않았다. 이는 당시까지 항구를 중심으로 활동했던 영국 상인들로서는, 막대한 자본과 현지 시장상황에 대한 정보력을 바탕으로 인도 국내 무역망을 장악하고 있던 토착 상인들의 역할에 크게 의존할 수밖에 없었기 때문으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 설립 직후부터 회의소가 집중한 현안문제들은 영국 상인들의 이권 증진과 상업활동의 편익을 도모하는 것에 치중되어 있었다. 결국 벵갈상업회의소는 캘커타를 중심으로 상업활동을 영위하는 영국 상인들의 후견인 역할을 하는 공적기관의 성격을 지향했다고 볼 수 있다. 1834년부터 1850년대 초반에 이르는 기간 동안 벵갈상업회의소의 활동은 전체적으로 볼 때 성공적이었다고 평가하기 어렵다. 1830년대초반 발생한 대리상사들의 연쇄도산이라는 특별한 위기에 대한 대응으로 출현하였으나, 그 위기가 지나가자 회의소의 활동도 급속하게 동력을 잃어가는 양상이 나타났기 때문이다. 그럼에도 분명한 점은, 이 시기 벵갈상업회의소의 설립과정과 초창기 주요 활동 방식들은 이후 인도에서 출현하게 될 각종 경제단체의 설립과 운영 방식에 원형을 제공하였다는 사실이며, 바로 이 점이 벵갈상업회의소의 역사적 의의라고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The main concern of this article is the reasoning of the origin of the emergence and transformation of modern type economic organizations in India. As is well known, the evolution of modern economic organizations in India was closely associated with the British colonial rule, and it was not unnatural that the early trade and industrial associations and chambers had been formed mainly by British merchants in India. The first chamber of commerce in India was the Bengal Chamber of Commerce established in Calcutta in 1834. The formation of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce was a response to a particular crisis created by the formal conclusions of East India Company’s monopoly in trade in 1813 and 1833. The Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833 opened a new outlet for British capital and commercial enterprise in India. There followed a dramatic change of commercial environment in Calcutta especially coincided with the collapse of John Palmer & Co., the biggest agency house in Calcutta of that time. In spite of various attempts to restore confidence in Calcutta agency houses, the remaining agency houses failed by 1834. With this crisis as the background, in 1834 a circular letter was sent to Calcutta-based British firms suggesting the necessity of preparing a consolidated half-yearly inventory of stocks on hand among the principal importers of Calcutta. After having gathered together for this very limited purpose, however, the participants soon discovered that a much broader common interest existed among themselves. Consequently, seventy-nine firms agreed to become founder members, and almost all of them were British merchants and agency houses in Calcutta. They sought their fortunes in inland trade in India as well as in consignment trade between England and India. From the beginning, the Bengal Chamber of Commerce was keenly aware of the importance of collective action in relation to the colonial government. However, by the early 1850s the chamber had become practically defunct once the crisis of the 1830s had been over. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the process of the formation and early activities of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce has been providing a prototype for the emergence of various modern type economic organizations in India from that time down to today.
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