불교 8대 순례지 관념의 성립에 대한 고찰
A Study on the Formation of the Ideas of the Buddhist Eight Holy Sites
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이 논문은 불교에서 순례 관념이 기원해서 8대 순례지 관념으로 정립되기까지의 역사적 발전 과정에 대해 논의한다. 불교의 창건자인 고따마 붓다(Gotama Buddha)가 제시한 순례 관념과 순례지를 근거로 그의 열반 후 룸비니(Lumbinī), 보드가야(Bodhgayā), 사르나트(Sarnath), 꾸시나라(Kusinārā)의 네 지역이 그의 유해와 유물을 담은 스뚜빠(Stūpa) 숭배와 결합되어 초기 순례 관념을 형성하며 순례 전통이 시작된다. 그 후, 아쇼까(Aśoka) 왕이 다르마 정책의 일환으로 불교의 순례지를 참배하고 스뚜빠를 전국에 건설함으로써 순례 문화의 발전에 기여하였다. 그 과정에서 고따마 붓다의 역사적 행적뿐만 아니라 설화와 관련된 여러 지역이 순례지로 대중적인 인기를 누리게 된다. 이에 불교도들은 고따마 붓다의 행적과 관련된 여러 지역 중에서 사밧티(Sāvatthi), 상깟사(Saṅkassa), 라자가하(Rājagāha), 베살리(Vesāli)의 네 곳을 선정하여 초기 4대 순례지에 추가하고 기존의 4대 순례지가 지닌 상징적 의미를 확장하여 8대 순례지 관념으로 발전시켰다. 새롭게 추가된 네 곳의 순례지로서의 의미는 역사적인 사건에 근거한 초기 4대 순례지와 구별하여 고따마 붓다의 신통력에 관한 설화를 중심으로 구성되어 오늘날까지 전해온다.
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to understand the concept of the Buddhist pilgrimage by systematizing the successive stages of it, and not by giving brief accounts of each places as hitherto. After Gotama Buddha's nibbāna, the Four Holy Sites, i. e., Lumbini, Sarnāth, Bodhgāya, Kuṣināra, based on his notion of pilgrimage, formed the early concept and tradition of the Buddhist pilgrimage, which combined with the cult of Stūpa in which his relics or remains were enshrined. Then, Aśoka's activities of visiting many Buddhist places and distributing stūpas over the country, known as Dharma-policy, proliferated pilgrimage culture. In this process, many Buddhist places being concerned with both facts and legends of the Buddha became popular. So, the Buddhists logically extended the meanings of the Four Great Holy Sites. Amongst many Buddhist places, the Four Minor Holy Sites, i. e., Savatthi, Saṅkassa, Rājagaha, Vesāli were finally selected and added to the earlier Four Holy Sites, which completed the concept of the Buddhist Eight Holy Sites. Subsequently, the added four sites became widely known as the sacred places of the legendary events unlike those of the earlier.
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