欄頭: 청-조선 조공관계의 변경적 측면
Lantou: A Frontier Dimension of the Qing-Chosŏn Tributary Relationship
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The Chinese northeastern frontier region maintained its vital position as the sacred birthplace of the Manchu imperial court throughout the Qing period. In order to preserve Manchu identity and monopolize precious natural resources, the Qing emperors strictly controlled this frontier region by appointing military governors, building the Willow Palisade and frontier gates, and severely limited Han Chinese access to the area. This Manchu homeland was, however, not entirely off-limits to people from the Chosŏn side of the border. As a tribute-paying vassal state and border-sharing neighbor, Korea was allowed to send embassies across this restricted northeastern frontier and develop commercial relations with local people, both Han Chinese and Manchus. While the Qing state strove to construct impassable barriers along the frontier, people living on both sides found the border to be in fact quite porous and penetrable. By examining Korean embassies coming into the Qing northeastern border, this paper will explore the economic and frontier dimensions of the Qing-Chosŏn tributary relationship. Despite the government’s effort to control, the border was constantly open to welcome neighboring vassals seeking to pay tribute to the Qing emperor, eventually paving the way for more people to cross seeking commercial profit in the borderland. As the flourishing border markets show, tribute and trade were two key elements of Qing foreign policy that complemented each other to form a commercial web spanning the porous border between Qing and Chosŏn.
Abstract
The Chinese northeastern frontier region maintained its vital position as the sacred birthplace of the Manchu imperial court throughout the Qing period. In order to preserve Manchu identity and monopolize precious natural resources, the Qing emperors strictly controlled this frontier region by appointing military governors, building the Willow Palisade and frontier gates, and severely limited Han Chinese access to the area. This Manchu homeland was, however, not entirely off-limits to people from the Chosŏn side of the border. As a tribute-paying vassal state and border-sharing neighbor, Korea was allowed to send embassies across this restricted northeastern frontier and develop commercial relations with local people, both Han Chinese and Manchus. While the Qing state strove to construct impassable barriers along the frontier, people living on both sides found the border to be in fact quite porous and penetrable. By examining Korean embassies coming into the Qing northeastern border, this paper will explore the economic and frontier dimensions of the Qing-Chosŏn tributary relationship. Despite the government’s effort to control, the border was constantly open to welcome neighboring vassals seeking to pay tribute to the Qing emperor, eventually paving the way for more people to cross seeking commercial profit in the borderland. As the flourishing border markets show, tribute and trade were two key elements of Qing foreign policy that complemented each other to form a commercial web spanning the porous border between Qing and Chosŏn.
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