18세기 후반 청-조선의 범월문제와 경계관리: 金順丁·朴厚贊 사건을 중심으로

Abstract

This paper analyzes two trespassing cases involved with Chosŏn subjects, which took place in 1761 and 1763 respectively, exploring the Qing practices of managing and policing the boundaries with the Chosŏn. The Qing and Chosŏn governments prohibited soldiers and civilians without official permission from crossing the Yalu and Tumen Rivers and violating the other state’s territories. The issue of how to deal with trespassing cases, especially when the Chosŏn subjects were involved, was one of the major concerns between the two courts from the beginning of their relations. Legal proceedings against Korean trespassers became gradually regularized during the eighteenth century. By the end of the Kangxi era, Chosŏn criminals, once arrested for trespassing, were transferred to Fenghuangcheng where the Qing and Chosŏn courts sent officials respectively and launched a joint interrogation against the criminals. The final report of the interrogation was delivered to Beijing and Seoul respectively, before the criminals were transferred to Korea. The Chosŏn king was expected to make a proposal for punishment of his people who violated the Qing territory, but it was always the Qing emperor who made the final decision on the Korean criminals. The trespassers who joined Kim Insul and Pak Huch’an in 1761 and 7163 were first sentenced to death but their executions were continuously postponed. Nearly 14 years after their violations of Qing territory, the Korean trespassers were all exempted from death penalty. The Chosŏn king was not surprisingly pardoned from any punishment, considering his sincere effort of making fast, detailed reports on the crimes to the emperor. Most of all, the trespassing cases of 1761 and 1763 demonstrate that the Qing emperor and his local officials had huge interests in policing and controlling the boundaries with the Chosŏn. The Qianlong emperor criticized the Yongjo for neglecting to manage the boundaries, but it was the Jilin Military General who became the primary target of being reprimanded for failing to properly patrolling his jurisdiction and allowing foreigners to violate the Qing territory. Upon the Jilin General’s pressure, the Hunchun Regiment Colonel was forced to make detailed reports on Qing soldiers’ practices of patrolling the areas near the Tumen River and Changbaishan. It was such strong concerns and attentions in the boundaries with the Chosŏn that led the Jilin General to launch a field investigation of the upper reach of the Yalu River, a location where Chosŏn trespassers continued to violate. The fact that the Jilian General explored the Yalu River under the imperial decree clearly shows that the Qing court never neglected the boundaries with the Chosŏn during the period after 1712, when Mu-ke-deng was dispatched for the Changbaishan investigation, and before the 1880s when the Qing and Chosŏn launched a series of boundary survey. The Yalu and Tumen Rivers -the boundaries with the Chosŏn- remained an important issue in Beijing throughout the Qing period.