풍납토성 출토 수막새의 현황과 변천에 대한 일고찰

Abstract

This paper aims to examine the historical contexts of the typological change patterns of the convex eave-end tiles belonging to the Hanseong Phase of the Baekje Period. In order to achieve this purpose, this paper first analyses the typological characteristics of the concave eave-end tiles uncovered from the Pungnaptoseong Earthen Walled Site, and then matches them to historical records mentioned in the Baekje's Records (百濟本紀), the History of Three Kingdoms (三國史記). In considering the manufacturing techniques, roof tiles were produced from the non-wooden mould to wooden mould technique. The shape of the convex roof tile changed from the cylindrical to half-folded types. The form of paste for shaping the tile changed from clay ring to clay plate. With respect to the decorated patterns, the chronological stage of the convex eave-end tiles can be classified into the stage decorated with indigenous motifs including tree branch, flowering plant, geometric, and undecorated patterns were first adopted, the coin and lotus flower pattern stage, which are motifs introduced from China, and the animal face pattern stage. The chronological stage based on the Baekje's Records, the History of Three Kingdoms are as follows. 1. The Geminal Stage (around 1 AD to the Early 2nd Century AD): in this stage, roof-tiles were not produced in the Baekje; but the technique for building the structure covered with roof tiles began to be appeared. 2. The Initial Stage (the Late 2nd to Early 3rd Century): Earhenware production technique began to be adopted to make roof tiles. The four sector method originated from China was adopted the convex eave-end tiles were decorated with indigenous motifs, such as tree branch, flowering plant, radial, saw tooth, and undecorated patterns. 3. The Introduction Phase (the Late 3rd to Late 4th Century AD): On the basis of the active cultural exchanges between Baekje and China from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Wei, Jin and North-South Dynasties Period, Chinese motifs including coin pattern diffused from Eastern Wu and lotus flower pattern introduced from the Eastern Jin Dynasty with Buddhism were decorated. 4. The Transition Stage (the Late 4th to Late 5th Century AD): This is the period that the tile making technology was revolutionized by the introduction of the new tile making tools including wooden frame from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Liu Song Dynasty, and the Northern Wei Dynasty. Owing to the adoption of wooden frame, the form of the paste changed from clay ring to clay plate; and this change further led to the development of the quality and productivity of the roof tile. As roof tiles began to be produced by more specialized production system, the roof tile craftsmen was separated from the potters. The animal face pattern is the representative motif decorated in the convex eave-end tile produced in this phase.