科擧制度의 多重性: 傳統의 近代的 解釋과 관련한 一試論
Multiple Aspects of the Keju in China: An Essay on the Modern Interpretation of a Tradition
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
What was written in a published book focused on the keju(科擧) deserves careful consideration to understand its common idea at that time. This is the reason to compare A Study on the Examination System in China(『中國考試制度硏究』) written by Deng Dingren(鄧定人) and A Monograph on the Examination Systems in Every Dynasties(『歷代貢擧志』) known as a book of Feng Mengzhen(馮夢禎). The former is considered as the first modern research book on the keju, and the latter is the oldest one still extant on the same topic. Deng's book characterizes the keju as the examination to select the government officials, and regards it affirmatively as an institution usefully convertible to modern one in a nation-state. All the negative effects of it were due to the emperors which do not exist anymore. But Feng’s book is more critical to the kemu(科目), another name of the keju at that time. The reason is that it examines the candidates very rigorously, and treats them too differently from the successful candidates who are highly respected. It is not proper because all of them have no difference as a shi(士). Behind its argument, there is an assumption that the keju is not just a method to select government officials by emperors but a matter related with ‘tianxia(天下)’ for which the shi is responsible. The considerable gap between the two books’ contents implies that the realities of the keju in traditional times could be different from what is interpreted in modern era. Actually, the present notion of the keju is very similar to that of Deng’s book. It emphasizes that the keju was the state institution to select officials by examination. Viewed from this nation-centered standpoint, it is easy to miss some important aspects of the keju realized by the shi who applied for and passed it. Therefore we need to observe multiple aspects of the keju, and it would be helpful to rectify the images of the keju bent by the modern perspective.
Abstract
What was written in a published book focused on the keju(科擧) deserves careful consideration to understand its common idea at that time. This is the reason to compare A Study on the Examination System in China(『中國考試制度硏究』) written by Deng Dingren(鄧定人) and A Monograph on the Examination Systems in Every Dynasties(『歷代貢擧志』) known as a book of Feng Mengzhen(馮夢禎). The former is considered as the first modern research book on the keju, and the latter is the oldest one still extant on the same topic. Deng's book characterizes the keju as the examination to select the government officials, and regards it affirmatively as an institution usefully convertible to modern one in a nation-state. All the negative effects of it were due to the emperors which do not exist anymore. But Feng’s book is more critical to the kemu(科目), another name of the keju at that time. The reason is that it examines the candidates very rigorously, and treats them too differently from the successful candidates who are highly respected. It is not proper because all of them have no difference as a shi(士). Behind its argument, there is an assumption that the keju is not just a method to select government officials by emperors but a matter related with ‘tianxia(天下)’ for which the shi is responsible. The considerable gap between the two books’ contents implies that the realities of the keju in traditional times could be different from what is interpreted in modern era. Actually, the present notion of the keju is very similar to that of Deng’s book. It emphasizes that the keju was the state institution to select officials by examination. Viewed from this nation-centered standpoint, it is easy to miss some important aspects of the keju realized by the shi who applied for and passed it. Therefore we need to observe multiple aspects of the keju, and it would be helpful to rectify the images of the keju bent by the modern perspective.
참고문헌 (62)
- "中國考試制度", 東方雜誌, 24(20), pp.72~ (1927)
- "强中國, In 梁啓超全集 變法通議" (1999), 北京出版社
- "論科擧爲智力測驗", 晨報副鐫, 1493 (1926)
- "在東京 民報 創刊周年慶祝大會的演說, In 孫中山全集 1" (1981), 中華書局
- B. A. Elman, "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China", JAS, 50(1) (1991)
- David S. Nivison, "Protest Against Conventions and Conventions of Protest, In The Confucian Persuasion" (1960), Stanford Univ. Press
- Gilbert Rozman, "The Modernization of China" (1981), The Free Press;Collier Macmillan
- Hilde De Weerdt, "Competition over Content: Negotiating Standards for the Civil Service Examinations in Imperial China", pp.1127~1279 (2007), Harvard University Press
- Prasenjit Duara, "민족으로부터 역사를 구출하기(서울, In 민족으로부터 역사를 구출하기" (2004), 삼인
- Wolfgang Franke, "The reform and abolition of the traditional Chinese examination system" (1972), Harvard University Press
- 顧炎武, "日知錄" (1991), 世界書局
- 溝口雄三, "中國思想文化事典" (2003), 민족문화문고
- 大木康, "明末 江南의 出版文化" (2007), 소명출판
- 鄧嗣禹, "中國考試制度史硏究" (1936), 國民政府考試院
- "鄧書", ~
- 鄧定人, "現代列強平時之兵力", 東方雜誌, 28(11)
- 羅志田, "科擧制的廢除與四民社會的解體", 淸華學報, 25(4) (1995)
- 羅志田, "淸末科擧制改革的社會影響", 中國社會科學, 4 (1998)
- 羅志田, "近代中國社會權勢的轉移: 知識分子的緣邊化與緣邊知識分子的興起" (1999), 湖北人民出版社
- 羅志田, "科擧制廢除在鄕村中的社會後果", 中國社會科學, 1 (2006)
- 劉海峰, "科擧學導論" (2005), 華中師範大學出版社
- 林志, "科擧․選擧與中國式的民主", 觀察, 4(13) (1948)
- 閔斗, "‘共和革命’試論, In 中國初期革命運動의 硏究" (1997), 서울대학교출판부
- 潘光旦, "科舉與社會流動", 社會科學, 4(1) (1947)
- 배경한, "閔斗基 선생의 中國近現代史 연구와 그 성과, In 中國近現代史의 재조명 1" (1999), 지식산업사
- 白永瑞, "中國現代大學文化硏究" (1994), 일조각
- 法式善, "馮夢禎, 歷代科擧志 一卷, In 陶廬雜錄 권4", 續修四庫全書本
- 傅璇琮, "宋登科記考" (2009), 江蘇古籍出版社
- 徐松, "登科記考補正" (2003), 北京燕山出版社
- 蕭功秦, "從科擧制度的廢除看近代以來的文化斷裂", ~ (1996)
- 孫立平, "科擧制: 一種精英再生産的機制", ~ (1996)
- 余英, "The Radicalization of China in the Twentieth Century", Daedalus, 122(2) (1993)
- 余英, "中國知識分子的邊緣化", 二十一世紀, 6 (1991)
- 永瑢, "四庫全書總目" (1965), 中華書局
- "明․淸時代의 國家權力과 紳士, In 講座 中國史 Ⅳ" (1989), 지식산업사
- 吳晗"論所, "論所謂“中國式的代議制度”", 觀察, 4(14) (1948)
- 王亞南, "관료의 나라 중국" (2002), 지영사
- 윤혜영, "中國現代史硏究" (1991), 일조각
- 應星, "廢科擧․興學堂與中國近代社會的轉型", ~ (1997)
- 張亞群, "科擧革廢與近代中國高等敎育的轉型" (2005), 華中師範大學出版社
- 張祝平, "四庫全書與科擧文獻", 貴州社會科學, 3 (1995)
- 陳東原, "中國科擧時代之敎育" (1933), 商務印書館
- 陳文新, "貢擧志五種" (2009), 武漢大學出版社
- 秦暉, "科擧官僚制的技術․制度與政治哲學涵義", ~ (1996)
- 陳興德, "二十世紀科擧觀之變遷" (2008), 華中師範大學出版社
- 天山, "考試與科擧", 庸言, 2(3) (1914)
- 肖如平, "國民政府考試院硏究", pp.40~48 (2008), 社會科學文獻出版社
- 崔銑, "政議十篇 覆擧, In 洹詞 권8", 四庫全書本
- 何永, "論中國式的代議制度", 觀察, 4(11) (1948)
- 하원수, "唐代 進士科의 登場과 그 變遷 ― 科擧制度의 歷史的 意義 再考 ―", 사림, (36), pp.249~299 (2010), 수선사학회
- 何忠禮, "二十世紀的中國科擧制度史硏究", 歷史硏究, 6 (2000)
- 何懷宏, "選擧社會及其終結" (1998), 三聯書店
- 漢俊, "我的｢考試與畢業｣觀", 星期評論, 44 (1920)
- 玄廬, "考試與畢業", 星期評論, 38 (1920)
- 玄廬, "讀王崇植君｢我對於玄廬君的｢考試與畢業｣的討論｣的感想", 星期評論, 41 (1920)
- "明史", ~
- "宋史" (1985), 中華書局
- "歷代貢擧志", ~
- "帝國主義經濟侵略中國史略" (1927), 東南書局
- "淸史稿", ~
- "通典" (1988), 中華書局
- 美濃部達吉, "行政裁判法" (1933), 商務印書館