唐代 進士科의 登場과 그 變遷 ― 科擧制度의 歷史的 意義 再考 ―
The Appearance of Jinshike and Its Changes in Tang China: Rethinking the Historic Implications of Keju
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Jinshike(進士科) appeared as a subject of regular examinations(常擧) in the reign of Tang(唐) Gaozong(高宗), and before long it was certainly characterized by adopting a literary test, zawen(雜文). In the official-recruiting institution of Tang, its original position was lower than other subjects like xiucaike(秀才科), mingjingke(明經科). But jinshike was a very useful channel for assimilating the culture of the shi(士) stratification after the period of the Wei-Jin(魏晉), because it was the only regular subject which regarded literary talent as important. Libushi(禮部試) was resulted from the condition of the reign of Xuanzong(玄宗): the official posts were seriously unbalanced with the qualified officials in numbers. Through it, the formal prestige of jinshike became higher, but the substantial gap between the successful candidates and the official post was broader than before. Nevertheless, the applicants and successful candidates of jinshike enhanced their actual position and power by private solidarities among them. This was intensified due to the special situation of the latter part of the Tang Dynasty: the powerful fanzhens(藩鎭) which could appoint de facto officials, Kuwen Movement(古文運動) which justified the value of literature, and so on. As a result, jinshike allowed its candidates more rapid promotion in the officialdom and very high reputations as qualified shi by tests. All this process which made jinshike a predominant subject of keju(科擧) in Tang suggests the keju is more than just an institution to select officials by examinations as thought before.
Abstract
Jinshike(進士科) appeared as a subject of regular examinations(常擧) in the reign of Tang(唐) Gaozong(高宗), and before long it was certainly characterized by adopting a literary test, zawen(雜文). In the official-recruiting institution of Tang, its original position was lower than other subjects like xiucaike(秀才科), mingjingke(明經科). But jinshike was a very useful channel for assimilating the culture of the shi(士) stratification after the period of the Wei-Jin(魏晉), because it was the only regular subject which regarded literary talent as important. Libushi(禮部試) was resulted from the condition of the reign of Xuanzong(玄宗): the official posts were seriously unbalanced with the qualified officials in numbers. Through it, the formal prestige of jinshike became higher, but the substantial gap between the successful candidates and the official post was broader than before. Nevertheless, the applicants and successful candidates of jinshike enhanced their actual position and power by private solidarities among them. This was intensified due to the special situation of the latter part of the Tang Dynasty: the powerful fanzhens(藩鎭) which could appoint de facto officials, Kuwen Movement(古文運動) which justified the value of literature, and so on. As a result, jinshike allowed its candidates more rapid promotion in the officialdom and very high reputations as qualified shi by tests. All this process which made jinshike a predominant subject of keju(科擧) in Tang suggests the keju is more than just an institution to select officials by examinations as thought before.
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