1958년 5ㆍ2총선 연구 ― 부정 선거를 중심으로 ―
A Study on the 4th National Assembly Election in 1958 - Focusing on the Election Frauds -
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In the 4th National Assembly election on May 2nd, 1958, the ruling party won a landslide victory at the rural areas, and the opposition party won at the urban areas. However this was not reflected differences of political awareness between urban areas and rural areas, but a greater or lesser degree by the election frauds. The election frauds had appeared all the elections under Syng-man Rhee regime. But there were distinctions among them. The 1st National Assembly election in 1948 and the 2nd National Assembly election in 1950 appeared obstruction of candidacy and suppression of election campaign. The targets of suppression were mostly Rhee's political opponents and celebrities. In the 3rd National Assembly election in 1954, election frauds were also rife in the process of candidacy and election campaign. But illegality in the process of vote and vote counting had not yet been revealed. On the other hand, the 3rd presidential election in 1956 was widely known as a fraudulent election in the process of the vote counting. Despite the corruption of the vote counting, Bong-am Cho, the Progressive presidential candidate, put up a good fight, and Myon Chang, the Democratic vice presidential candidate, won the election. This was staggering news to Syng-man Rhee. Since then, intensified election frauds were entirely committed all the following elections. As a preliminary Syng-man Rhee regime came to dominate the local election in August, 1956. And tightening the control of ‘Koongminban’, government kept a close watch on nation. Before the 4th National Assembly election, through negotiations of election law, Rhee's regime with the Democratic party discluded minor political parties as a donation system. The election law had a legal loophole article that election frauds were permitted within maintaining the election result. This article made against the opposition party in the course of the election cases. Despite the election frauds, the Democratic Party secured seats that could protect the constitution. The growth of the Democratic Party reflected hostility towards Rhee's regime. There were many factors that the Democratic Party made a good fight at the election. Economic crisis, improvement in standards of politics from the expansion of education, enlargement of the press, and damaging political reverse of Rhee's regime, these were favorable factors to Democratic Party. That was the same in rural areas as in unban areas. Therefore severe election frauds only can be explained that the ruling party won a landslide victory at the rural areas. Hostility to Rhee's regime was ever widening, but Rhee's regime could not accept the advices from each field and lessons of last elections. Endangered Syngman Rhee plainly ignored the law and couldn't sit up press reports. By extreme measure on this crisis, Rhee's regime enforced the election frauds at the reelection for the National Assembly and next presidential election in 1960, so they led to self-destruction.
Abstract
In the 4th National Assembly election on May 2nd, 1958, the ruling party won a landslide victory at the rural areas, and the opposition party won at the urban areas. However this was not reflected differences of political awareness between urban areas and rural areas, but a greater or lesser degree by the election frauds. The election frauds had appeared all the elections under Syng-man Rhee regime. But there were distinctions among them. The 1st National Assembly election in 1948 and the 2nd National Assembly election in 1950 appeared obstruction of candidacy and suppression of election campaign. The targets of suppression were mostly Rhee's political opponents and celebrities. In the 3rd National Assembly election in 1954, election frauds were also rife in the process of candidacy and election campaign. But illegality in the process of vote and vote counting had not yet been revealed. On the other hand, the 3rd presidential election in 1956 was widely known as a fraudulent election in the process of the vote counting. Despite the corruption of the vote counting, Bong-am Cho, the Progressive presidential candidate, put up a good fight, and Myon Chang, the Democratic vice presidential candidate, won the election. This was staggering news to Syng-man Rhee. Since then, intensified election frauds were entirely committed all the following elections. As a preliminary Syng-man Rhee regime came to dominate the local election in August, 1956. And tightening the control of ‘Koongminban’, government kept a close watch on nation. Before the 4th National Assembly election, through negotiations of election law, Rhee's regime with the Democratic party discluded minor political parties as a donation system. The election law had a legal loophole article that election frauds were permitted within maintaining the election result. This article made against the opposition party in the course of the election cases. Despite the election frauds, the Democratic Party secured seats that could protect the constitution. The growth of the Democratic Party reflected hostility towards Rhee's regime. There were many factors that the Democratic Party made a good fight at the election. Economic crisis, improvement in standards of politics from the expansion of education, enlargement of the press, and damaging political reverse of Rhee's regime, these were favorable factors to Democratic Party. That was the same in rural areas as in unban areas. Therefore severe election frauds only can be explained that the ruling party won a landslide victory at the rural areas. Hostility to Rhee's regime was ever widening, but Rhee's regime could not accept the advices from each field and lessons of last elections. Endangered Syngman Rhee plainly ignored the law and couldn't sit up press reports. By extreme measure on this crisis, Rhee's regime enforced the election frauds at the reelection for the National Assembly and next presidential election in 1960, so they led to self-destruction.
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