본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

부하에 의한 심리적 계약위반과 중간관리자의 정서적 소진 간의 관계 -직무스트레스의 매개효과와 상사지원인식의 조절효과-

Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach by Subordinates and Emotional Exhaustion of Middle Managers -Mediating Effects of Job Stress and Moderating Effects of Perceived Supervisor Support-

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

중간관리자는 조직의 전략을 구현하면서 부하 직원들이 수행하여야 하는 역할을 정립하고, 성과를 관리하는 책임을 지니고 있다. 그러나, 최근 조직 현장의 중간관리자는 한정된 시간에 조직이 요구하는 성과를 달성해야 하는 상황에서, 부하 직원이 수행할 것이라 기대하는 업무가 중간관리자의 몫으로 전가되어, 실무자와 책임자의 역할을 동시에 수행함에 따라 번 아웃을 호소하는 중간관리자가 증가하고 있다. 더욱이, 중간관리자의 번 아웃은 퇴사와 이직으로 이어질 수 있어 조직에서 시급하게 대응해야 할 과제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 최근의 조직 현상을 규명하고자 심리적 계약이론 바탕으로 구성원이 조직에 제공할 것이라 기대하는 약속과 의무를 이행하지 않는, 부하의 심리적 계약위반이 중간관리자의 정서적 소진에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 아울러, 두 변인 간의 관계에서 중간관리자의 직무스트레스가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 상사지원인식을 조절 요인으로 반영하여 실무적 대안을 모색하고자 하였다. 연구가설의 검증을 위하여 국내 기업의 중간관리자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 총 371명의 자료가 분석에 활용되었다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부하에 의한 심리적 계약위반은 중간관리자의 정서적 소진을 초래하는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 부하의 심리적 계약위반과 중간관리자의 정서적 소진 간의 영향 관계에서 직무스트레스의 매개효과를 확인하였다. 셋째, 상사지원인식은 부하의 심리적 계약위반과 정서적 소진의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 이론적 의의와 실무적 시사점을 제시하고, 연구의 한계와 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

Middle managers are responsible for establishing the roles and managing the performance of their subordinates while implementing the organization's strategy. However, in recent years, middle managers in organizations are expected to achieve the performance required by the organization in a limited amount of time, and the tasks that subordinates are expected to perform are transferred to middle managers, resulting in an increasing number of middle managers complaining of burnout as they play the role of both member and leader. Moreover, burnout can lead to resignations and turnover, making it an urgent issue for organizations to address. Therefore, this study attempted to determine the effect of psychological contract breach by subordinates on emotional exhaustion of middle managers based on psychological contract theory to identify recent organizational phenomena. In addition, this study examined the effect of middle managers' job stress on the relationship between the two variables, and sought to explore practical alternatives by including perceived supervisor support as a moderating factor. To verify the research hypothesis, a survey was conducted among middle managers of Korean companies, and a total of 371 respondents were used for analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, psychological contract breach by subordinates was found to lead to emotional exhaustion in middle managers. Second, the mediating effect of job stress on the relationship between subordinate psychological contract breach and middle managers' emotional exhaustion was confirmed. Third, perceived supervisor support moderated the relationship between psychological contract breach by subordinates and emotional exhaustion of middle managers. Based on the findings of this study, theoretical implications and practical implications are presented, and limitations and future research directions are discussed.

참고문헌 (134)

  1. 강승훈, "강한 중간관리자가 조직의 미래를결정한다", LG경영연구원, ~ (2024)
  2. 강희경, "리더십 로맨스가 팔로워십과 조직효과성에 미치는 영향–조직동일시의 조절효과를 중심으로–", 인적자원관리연구, 25(4), pp.41~63 (2018)
  3. 구자규, "남용적리더십이 구성원의수동공격성에 미치는 영향 심리적계약위반과 분노반추의 직렬다중매개를 중심으로", 기업경영연구, 28(3), pp.59~83 (2021)
  4. 권상순, "심리적 계약의 이론적 배경에 관한 고찰", 조직과 인사관리연구, 20(2), pp.93~120 (1997)
  5. 김경희, "정신간호사의 전문직 자아개념과 소진의 관계에서 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과", 정신간호학회지, 21(3), pp.229~237 (2012)
  6. 김수남, "부하에 의한 심리적 계약위반이 중간관리자의 직무소진에 미치는 영향 : 역할과부하와 직무스트레스의 직렬다중매개효과를 중심으로", 리더십연구, 14(1), pp.83~125 (2023)
  7. 김수남, "부하에 의한 심리적 계약위반이 중간관리자의 정서적 몰입에 미치는영향 : 직무스트레스와 정서적 소진의 직렬다중매개효과를 중심으로", 대한경영학회지, 37(1), pp.27~62 (2024)
  8. 김화영, "중간관리자의 리더십 변화신념, 리더십 개발활동, 상태불안과 이직의도간의 경로분석", 코칭연구, 13(6), pp.25~47 (2020)
  9. 나윤진, "셀프리더십이 변화에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향 : 인지된 조직지원, 상사지원의 조절효과", 석사, 경영학과, pp.2012
  10. 박원우, "동일방법편의(Common Method Bias)의 원인과 해결방안", 인사조직연구, 15, pp.89~133 (2007)
  11. 박재춘, "직무자원은 직무소진에 대한 직무요구의 부정적인 효과를 완화시키는가-업무 후 모바일기기 사용, 조직정치지각및 상사 지원의 3차항 조절효과-", 인적자원관리연구, 25(2), pp.19~39 (2018)
  12. 배병렬, "Amos 21 구조방정식모델링: 원리와 실제" (2014), 도서출판 청람
  13. 백기복, "리더십현장의 패러독스", 리더십연구, 10(3), pp.179~201 (2019)
  14. 손승연, "상사의 성격 특성과 차 상위 상사의 지원이 상사의 모욕적 행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구", 경영학연구, 38(4), pp.1059~1084 (2009)
  15. 신강현, "일반직 종사자를 위한 직무 소진척도(MBI-GS)에 대한 타당화 연구", 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직, 16(3), pp.1~17 (2003)
  16. 양내윤, "감정노동과 직무소진의 관계에서사회적 지원의 조절효과에 관한 연구", 박사, pp.2015
  17. 양승주, "상사의 비인격적행동, 구성원의 리더인정 및 자기효능감이 지식공유에 미치는 영향 : 심리적 반발이론을 중심으로", 기업경영연구, 23(4), pp.171~197 (2016)
  18. 오주리, "기업체 중간관리자의 직무스트레스와 소진의 관계에서 심리적 임파워먼트의매개효과", 한국콘텐츠학회 논문지, 20(2), pp.323~336 (2020)
  19. 윤대호, "병원 중간관리자의 직무스트레스와 감정노동 부조화의 연관성", 박사, pp.2014
  20. 윤숙희, "조직관리특성과 직무특성이 직무스트레스 및 조직효과성에 미치는 영향 : 임상 간호사를 중심으로", 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직, 17(3), pp.451~466 (2004)
  21. "위기의 중간관리자를혁신의 허리로 만들려면" (2019)[URL]
  22. 이기현, "조직 내 사회적 관계가 팀 리더의직무스트레스에 미치는 영향", 대한경영학회지, 29(4), pp.597~617 (2016)
  23. 이정아, "성장마인드셋 코칭프로그램이 성장마인드셋, 학습목표지향성, 직무스트레스에 미치는 효과", 한국심리학회지 : 코칭, 2(1), pp.1~27 (2018)
  24. 이주한, "역할과부하와 심리적계약위반이 직무소진에 미치는 영향", 경영연구, 32(3), pp.145~170 (2017)
  25. 이하나, "심리적 계약위반이 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향 : 조직신뢰의매개효과및 상사지원인식의 조절효과", 조직과 인사관리연구, 39(1), pp.119~146 (2015)
  26. 이해경, "심리적 계약의 국내 연구동향과 향후 연구방향 제언", 인사조직연구, 29(4), pp.97~137 (2021)
  27. 이형권, "호텔종사원들의 감정소진이 조직몰입도와 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향 주도적 성격과 정치적 기술의 결합된 조절효과", 관광연구, 31(5), pp.331~356 (2016)
  28. 임현명, "심리적 계약위반이스트레스에 미치는 영향", 대한경영학회지, 28(10), pp.2519~2540 (2015)
  29. 전지훈, "리더십발휘동기의 선행요인", 리더십연구, 14(3), pp.3~30 (2023)
  30. 정영미, "심리적 계약위반이 근로의욕 및 직무태도에 미치는 영향-상사지원의조절효과-", 인적자원관리연구, 18(1), pp.111~128 (2011)
  31. "번아웃 겪는 중간관리자들사표, 어떻게 막나요" (2023), 조선일보[URL]
  32. 조윤형, "셀프리더십이 변화행동과불확실성 관리행동에 미치는 영향 : 인지된조직지원, 상사지원의 조절효과", 대한경영학회지, 26(9), pp.2351~2376 (2013)
  33. "MZ 눈치보면서 우린 막 대해…서글픈 낀 세대, 75~84년생" (2021), 중앙일보[URL]
  34. 탁제운, "윤리적 리더십이심리적 계약위반과 체념적 침묵행동에 미치는 영향 : 참여적 의사결정의 조절된 매개효과", 기업경영연구, 25(5), pp.159~186 (2018)
  35. 탁제운, "참여적 의사결정이학습된 무기력에 미치는 영향 : 심리적 계약위반의 매개효과와 마인드셋의 조절효과", HRD연구, 21, pp.3~ (2019)
  36. "M세대는 번아웃, Z세대는조기퇴사…기업은 무엇을 해야 하나" (2023), 한국경제[URL]
  37. Agolla, J. E., "Occupational stress among police officers : the case of Botswana police service", Research Journal of Business Management, 2(1), pp.25~ (2009)
  38. Alarcon, G. M., "A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), pp.549~562 (2011)
  39. Alcover, C. M., "Multi-dependence in the formation and development of the distributed psychological contract", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(1), pp.16~29 (2017)
  40. Ashforth, B. E., "All in a day’s work : Boundaries and micro role transitions", Academy of Management Review, 25, pp.472~491 (2000)
  41. Baba, W., "Work and mental health : A decade of Canadian research", Canadian Psychology, 39, pp.94~107 (1998)
  42. Babakus, E., "The role of customer orientation as a moderator of the jobdemand-burnoutperformance relationship’s surface-level trait perspective", Journal of Retailing, 85(41), pp.480~492 (2009)
  43. Baccili, P. A., "Effects of company and manager psychological contract violation on justice, negative affect and commitment", Academy of Management Proceedings, 2003(1), pp.D1~D6 (2003), Academy of Management
  44. Bakker, A. B., "The job demands–resources model : State of the art", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp.309~328 (2007)
  45. Beehr, T. A., "Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness : A facet analysis, model, and literature review 1", Personnel psychology, 31(4), pp.665~699 (1978)
  46. Bharathi, T., "Job stress and productivity A conceptual framework", International Journal of Emerging Research in Management & Technology, 6(8), pp.393~398 (2017)
  47. Bhatnagar, J., "The power of psychological empowerment as an antecedents to organizational commitment in Indian managers", Human Resource Development, 8, pp.419~433 (2005)
  48. Blau, P. M., "Exchange and Power in Social Life" (1964), Wiley
  49. Bolino, M. C., "The personal costs of citizenship behavior : The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict", Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), pp.740~748 (2005)
  50. Bordia, P., "Breach begets breach : Trickle-down effects of psychological contract breach on customer service", Journal of management, 36(6), pp.1578~1607 (2010)
  51. Campbell, N. S., "All you need is… resources : The effects of justice and support on burnout and turnover", Human Relations, 66(6), pp.759~782 (2013)
  52. Chen, H., "Does perceived manager support reduce hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion? The mediating role of control over time and negative emotions", International Hospitality Review, 37(1), pp.110~124 (2023)
  53. Chen, Z. X., "Reactions to psychological contract breach: A dual perspective", Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(5), pp.527~548 (2008)
  54. Conway, N., "Full-time versus part-time employees : Understanding the links between work status, the psychological contract, and attitudes", Journal of vocational behavior, 61(2), pp.279~301 (2002)
  55. Cordes, C. L., "A review and integration of research on job burnout", Academy of Management Review, 18, pp.621~656 (1993)
  56. Costa, S. P., "Forgiving is good for health and performance : How forgiveness helps individuals cope with the psychological contract breach", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, pp.124~136 (2017)
  57. Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., "Psychological contracts Past, present, and future", Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, pp.145~169 (2019)
  58. Dabos, G. E., "Mutuality and reciprocity in the psychological contracts of employees and employers", Journal of applied Psychology, 89(1), pp.52~ (2004)
  59. Darden, T. R., "Psychological Contracts from the Employer’s Perspective: Qualitative and Quantitative Studies", Doctor, pp.2019
  60. Dawson, K. M., "The role of hindrance stressors in the job demand –control–support model of occupational stress : A proposed theory revision", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, pp.397~415 (2016)
  61. De Jong, J. P., "Caught in the middle : How and when psychological contract breach by subordinates relates to weekly emotional exhaustion of supervisors", Frontiers in Psychology, 11, pp.464774~ (2021)
  62. Deery, S., "Work relationships in telephone call centers : Understanding emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal", Journal of Management Studies, 39, pp.471~496 (2002)
  63. Dirks, K. T., "Trust in leadership : Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice", Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), pp.611~628 (2002)
  64. Dweck, C. S., "Mindset: The new psychology of success" (2006), Random house
  65. Eisenberger, R., "Perceived supervisor support : contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention", Journal of applied psychology, 87(3), pp.565~ (2002)
  66. Fornell, C., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error", Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), pp.39~50 (1981)
  67. Freudenberger, H. J., "Staff burn-out", Journal of social issues, 30(1), pp.159~165 (1974)
  68. Gaines, J., "Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization", Academy of Management Journal, 26, pp.567~586 (1983)
  69. Gakovic, A., "Psychological contract breach as a source of strain for employees", Journal of business and Psychology, 18(2), pp.235~246 (2003)
  70. Giangreco, A., "The nature and antecedents of middle manager resistance to change : Evidence from an Italian context", The international journal of human resource management, 16(10), pp.1812~1829 (2005)
  71. Gleeson, D., "Managing ambiguity : Between markets and managerialism—A case study of"middle"managers in further education", Sociological Review, 47, pp.461~490 (1999)
  72. Golparvar, M., "Unconventional functions of deviant behaviors in the relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion : Three study findings", Current Psychology, 35, pp.269~284 (2016)
  73. Golparvar, M., "Moderating effects of job stress in emotional exhaustion and feeling of energy relationships with positive and negative behavioral outcomes : introducing the job stress multiple functions approach", International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(4), pp.99~112 (2012)
  74. Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., "Perceived collective burnout: a multilevel explanation of burnout", Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 25(1), pp.43~61 (2012)
  75. Gouldner, A. W., "The norm of reciprocity : A preliminary statement", American sociological review, pp.161~178 (1960)
  76. Greenhaus, J. H., "Effect of race on organizational experience job performance evaluations and career outcomes", Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), pp.64~86 (1990)
  77. Griep, Y., "Reciprocal effects of psychological contract breach on counterproductive and organizational citizenship behaviors : The role of time", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, pp.141~153 (2018)
  78. Guest, D. E., "Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously?", Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 19(S1), pp.649~664 (1998)
  79. Guest, D. E., "Communicating the psychological contract : an employer perspective", Human resource management journal, 12(2), pp.22~38 (2002)
  80. Halbesleben, J. R., "Sources of social support and burnout : a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model", Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), pp.1134~1145 (2006)
  81. Harding, N., "Who is ‘the middle manager’?", Human relations, 67(10), pp.1213~1237 (2014)
  82. Hayes, A. F., "Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach" (2017), Guilford Publications
  83. Herzig, S. E., "Middle managers’ uncertainty management during organizational change", Leadership &Organization Development Journal, 27(8), pp.628~645 (2006)
  84. Hobfoll, S. E., "Conservation of resources : A new attempt at conceptualizing stress", American Psychologist, 44(3), pp.513~524 (1989)
  85. Hornung, S., "Why supervisors make idiosyncratic deals : antecedents and outcomes of i-deals from a managerial perspective", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(8), pp.738~764 (2009)
  86. Hu, Q., "Extending the job demandsresources model with guanxi exchange", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), pp.127~140 (2016)
  87. Johnson, H. A. M., "Service with a smile : Do emotional intelligence, gender, and autonomy moderate the emotional labor process?", Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, pp.319~333 (2007)
  88. Johnson, J. L., "The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal", Journal of Organizational Behavior:The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(5), pp.627~647 (2003)
  89. Lapointe, É., "Psychological contract breach, affective commitment to organization and supervisor, and newcomer adjustment : A three-wave moderated mediation model", Journal of vocational behavior, 83(3), pp.528~538 (2013)
  90. Lee, J., "Dual roles in psychological contracts When managers take both agent and principal roles", Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), pp.95~107 (2014)
  91. Lee, R. T., "A further examination of managerial burnout : Toward an integrated model", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, pp.3~20 (1993)
  92. Lee, R. T., "A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout", Journal of applied Psychology, 81(2), pp.123~ (1996)
  93. Leiter, M. P., "Organizational predictors and health consequences of changes in burnout : A 12-year cohort study", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(7), pp.959~973 (2013)
  94. Lester, S. W., "Not seeing eye to eye : Differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach", Journal of organizational behavior, 23(1), pp.39~56 (2002)
  95. Liden, R. C., "Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence : Implications for individual and group performance", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, pp.723~746 (2006)
  96. Liden, R. C., "A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges", Journal of applied psychology, 78(4), pp.662~ (1993)
  97. Marchand, A., "Do age and gender contribute to workers’ burnout symptoms?", Occupational Medicine, 68(6), pp.405~411 (2018)
  98. Margolis, B. K., "Occupational stress" (1974), Thomas
  99. Maslach, C., "Burnout: The cost of caring" (1982), Prentice-Hall
  100. Maslach, C., "The measurement of experienced burnout", Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, pp.99~113 (1981)
  101. Maslach, C., "Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual" (1986), Consulting Psychologists Press
  102. McKinney, R., "Danger in the middle: Why midlevel managers aren’t ready to lead", pp.1~8 (2013), Harvard Business School Publishing
  103. Morrison, E. W., "When employees feel betrayed : A model of how psychological contract violation develops", Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp.226~256 (1997)
  104. Motowidlo, S., "Occupational stress : Its causes and consequences for job performance", Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp.618~629 (1986)
  105. Ng, T. W. H., "Toward a further understanding of the relationships between perception of support and work attitudes", Group & Organization Management, 33, pp.243~268 (2008)
  106. Osterman, P., "The truth about middle managers: Who they are, how they work, why they matter" (2009), Harvard Business Press
  107. Podsakoff, P. M., "Self-reports in Organizational Research : Problems and Prospects", Journal of Management, 12(4), pp.531~544 (1986)
  108. Restubog, S. L. D., "Effects of psychological contract breach on organizational citizenship behaviour : Insights from the group value model", Journal of Management Studies, 45(8), pp.1377~1400 (2008)
  109. Restubog, S. L. D., "When distress hits home : The role of contextual factors and psychological distress in predicting employees' responses to abusive supervision", Journal of applied psychology, 96(4), pp.713~ (2011)
  110. Robinson, S. L., "Trust and breach of the psychological contract", Administrative science quarterly, pp.574~599 (1996)
  111. Robinson, S. L., "The development of psychological contract breach and violation : A longitudinal study", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), pp.525~546 (2000)
  112. Rousseau, D. M., "Psychological and implied contracts in organizations", Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2(2), pp.121~139 (1989)
  113. Rousseau, D. M., "Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements" (1995), SAGE Publications
  114. Rousseau, D. M., "Guest editors' overview : Psychological contracts and human resource practices", Human Resource Management, 33(3), pp.383~ (1994)
  115. Rousseau, D. M., "The contracts of individuals and organizations", Research in organizational behavior, 15, pp.1~1 (1993)
  116. Seidler, A., "The role of psychosocial working conditions on burnout and its core component emotional exhaustion –a systematic review", Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 9, pp.1~13 (2014)
  117. Shirom, A., "International review of industrial–organizational psychology", pp.25~48 (1989), Wiley
  118. Shore, L. M., "Examining degree of balance and level of obligation in the employment relationship: A social exchange approach", Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 19(S1), pp.731~744 (1998)
  119. Shore, L. M., "The psychological contract as an explanatory framework in the employment relationship", Trends in organizational behavior, 1(91), pp.91~109 (1994)
  120. Shore, L. M., "Research in personnel and human resources management", pp.291~370 (2004), Emerald Group Publishing Limited
  121. Sliter, M., "How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes", Journal of occupational health psychology, 15(4), pp.468~ (2010)
  122. Smith, P. K., "The interpersonal nature of power and status", Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 3, pp.152~156 (2015)
  123. Spreitzer, G. M., "Giving up control without losing control : Trust and its substitutes’ effects on managers’involving employees in decision making", Group & Organisation Management, 24, pp.155~187 (1999)
  124. Tekleab, A. G., "Aren't there two parties in an employment relationship? Antecedents and consequences of organization–employee agreement on contract obligations and violations", Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(5), pp.585~608 (2003)
  125. Tekleab, A. G., "Extending the chain of relationships among organizational justice, social exchange, and employee reactions : The role of contract violations", Academy of Management journal, 48(1), pp.146~157 (2005)
  126. Tepper, B. J., "Consequences of abusive supervision", Academy of management journal, 43(2), pp.178~190 (2000)
  127. Tepper, B. J., "Abusive supervision and subordinates'organization deviance", Journal of applied psychology, 93(4), pp.721~ (2008)
  128. Turnley, W. H., "The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect", Human relations, 52(7), pp.895~922 (1999)
  129. Wayne, S. J., "Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange : A social exchange perspective", Academy of Management journal, 40(1), pp.82~111 (1997)
  130. Weiss, H. M., "Affective events theory : a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work", Research in organizational behavior, 18(1), pp.1~74 (1996)
  131. Wright, T. A., "Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover", Journal of applied psychology, 83(3), pp.486~ (1998)
  132. Zenger, J., "Why middle managers are so unhappy", Harvard Business Review, pp.2~6 (2014)
  133. Zhao, H. A. O., "The impact of psychological contract breach on work-related outcomes : a meta-analysis", Personnel psychology, 60(3), pp.647~680 (2007)
  134. Zohar, D., "Predicting burnout with a hassle-based measure of role demands", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, pp.101~115 (1997)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)