위상의 정치에서 본 백인 복음주의 개신교도의 트럼프 지지
White Evangelical Protestants’ Support for Trump in the Viewpoint of Status Politics
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이 글은 트럼프에 대한 백인 복음주의 개신교도의 지지 이유와 특징을 복음주의 개신교의 정치참여의 역사적 전개과정 속에서 조망하고자 한다. 이 글은 백인 복음주의 개신교도가 1920년대 이후 미국 주류사회에서 주변화된 경로를 먼저 설명하고, 그 후 이들이 재건의 과정을 거쳐 정치참여에 적극적으로 나서게 된 역사적 계기를 살펴 본 후, 마지막으로 트럼프에 대한 이들의 지지 이유를 검토해 보고자 한다. 이러한 목적에 따라 이 글에서는 제II장에서 먼저 복음주의, 근본주의, 주류 개신교 등의 개념을 구별하여 설명하고, 이어서 제III장에서 1920년대 이후 침체기에 있던 백인 복음주의 개신교가 1970년대 말 이후부터 정치에 참여하기 시작한 계기를 규명하고자 한다. 이러한 논의과정에서 백인 복음주의 개신교도의 정치참여가 활성화되어 복음주의 세력과 공화당과의 유대관계가 형성되고 공고화된 1994년 의회 중간선거 및 2004년 부시 대통령 재선과정을 개괄적으로 살펴보고자 한다. 그 후 제IV장에서는 이러한 역사적 전개과정의 연장선상에서 2016년 트럼프 후보가 대통령으로 당선되고 집권할 당시 백인 복음주의 개신교도가 지녔던 정서를 분석하고, 이들이 트럼프 대통령을 지속적으로 지지하게 된 이유 및 다른 시기와 구별되는 특징을 ‘위상의 정치’의 관점에서 살펴보고자 한다. 마지막 결론인 제V장에서는 이 글의 내용을 정리하고 향후의 연구주제를 제시하고자 한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to explicate the reasons the white evangelical protestants voted for Donald Trump by relying on the model of status politics. Along with this purpose, this article also attempts to contextualize the white evangelical protestants’ support for Trump within the history of their political mobilization since the late 1970s. With these objectives in mind, this article first describes the white evangelical protestants’ political participation both in the 1994 mid-term congressional election and in the 2004 presidential election, before providing an empirical explanation on their ardent support for Trump. As widely known, the status politics highlights the anxiety and discontent among some social subgroups faced with a rapid social change threatening their traditional position. Seen from this perspective, the white evangelicals’ support for Trump in the 2016 presidential election and afterward can be best explained by their fear of the cultural shift threatening their Christian beliefs, and at the same time by Trump’s tactical persuasion that he will be their protector against non-Christian intruders.
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