증오와 공포의 정치·종교 에토스에 대한 종교사회학적 일고찰: 미국 복음주의와 폭스뉴스, 그리고 트럼프를 중심으로
A Study on the Religious-Political Ethos of Hatred and Fear with the Perspective of Sociology of Religion: Centered on American Evangelicalism, Fox News, and Trump
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초록
본 연구는 증오와 공포 에토스가 트럼프를 지지하는 미국 복음주의의 내재적 목표나 지향의 모순을 해결하기 위한 기제로 등장하였으며, 이미 복음주의에 내재해 있는 이 기제를 트럼프는 복음주의자와 폭스뉴스와 함께 선거 캠페인에서 적극적으로 활용하였음을 밝히고 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 트럼프의 정치적 행보는 증오 에토스의 확산과 증오 범죄의 급증을 낳았으며, 그의 여성차별, 외국인 혐오, 인종주의 등의 거친 수사는 ‘증오 감정표현의 일상화’와 ‘대안적 사실의 절대화’를 유도하였다. 둘째, 복음주의의 선과 악, 신앙과 비신앙, 성과 속 등의 이원론은 가톨릭, 이신론, 자유주의, 무신론, 이교도 등과의 역사적 갈등을 겪으면서 ‘우리’와 ‘그들’의 대결 구도를 발전시켜왔고, 이 과정에서 공포와 증오는 복음주의 내재적 에토스의 일부가 되었다. 셋째, 오바마 정권하에서의 문화전쟁 패배로 위기의식을 느낀 복음주의자들은 신앙 여부와 관계없이 그들의 종교 가치를 보호하고 주변화된 기독교의 사회적 위상을 회복할 강력한 남성 지도자를 필요로 하였고, 이를 감지한 트럼프는 그들의 증오 에토스를 북돋기 위해 반 엘리트주의와 대중주의 전략을 활용하였다. 마지막으로 폭스뉴스는 복음주의 신앙체계에 사회정치적 보수성을 혼합한 백인 정체성 정치를 조장하고, 거친 증오 감정의 표현을 방송에서 허용함으로써 트럼프와 함께 지나친 감정표현의 정상화와 일상화, 그리고 공공 영역으로의 확산에 이바지하였다.
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the following facts: First, the linking device to solve the contradiction of evangelical support of Trump and its religious inner object and orientation was the mechanism of hatred and fear that has been innate in the tradition of evangelicalism. Second, with the help of Fox News and evangelical religious leaders Trump has made the best use of the mechanism in his presidential campaign. The research results are as follows: First, after Trump got on the political stage, the hatred ethos has proliferated in American society, and the number of hate crime has increased. Trump's rough rhetoric accompanied by his discrimination against women, and his xenophobia and racism has brought ‘the normalization of the exceedingly reactionary hate sentiment’ and ‘the absolutization of alternative fact.’ Second, evangelical dualism of good and evil, faith and atheism, sacred and profane along with its historical fights against Catholics, deism, liberal thought, atheism, and other religions has developed an opposite structure of ‘us’ and ‘them’, and resulted in a partial internalization of the ethos of hatred and fear within the mentality of evangelicals. Third, the crisis consciousness of evangelicals after the failure of cultural war during the regime of Obama has prompted them to search a strong masculine leader who can defend their religious values and recover them from marginalized social status without regard to his religiosity. Recognized this evangelical demand, Trump, in order to stir their hatred ethos, took advantage of anti-elitism, popularism, and anti-immigrant policy. Finally, Fox News has promoted white identity politics mixed with socio-political conservatism and evangelical religious system, and contributed to the normalization and routenization of the exceedingly rough hate sentiment, and diffused them into the public sphere by way of sending out the harsh and coarse expressions of hatred into air without screening them.
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