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미국에서 공유경제 플랫폼을 둘러싼 참여자간 갈등 - 우버와 에어비앤비의 비교

Conflicts among the participants of the sharing economy platforms in the US – a comparison of Uber and Airbnb

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초록

본 논문은 공유운송 플랫폼 우버와 공유숙박 플랫폼 에어비앤비를 사례로 하여 공유경제 참여자들 사이의 갈등을 검토한다. 공유운송과 공유숙박 플랫폼은 참여자와 서비스의 특성에 차이가 크므로 갈등의 양상도 상이하다. 공유운송 플랫폼은 기존 택시 사업자와의 갈등에서 일방적으로 승리하였는데, 이는 택시 사업자에 대한 시민들의 높은 불만을 배경으로 하여 새로운 기술을 적용하여 사용자 편의성을 높였기 때문이다. 에어비앤비는 플랫폼을 통해 임대하는 기간을 제한하는 방식으로 호텔 업계와 타협하였다. 공유운송 플랫폼과 서비스 제공자 사이의 갈등에서는 플랫폼 회사가 플랫폼 노동자에게 법정 최저임금 이상의 보상과 노동자의 안전을 위한 보장 장치를 제공해야 한다는 점에는 합의가 이루어졌으나, 이 수준을 넘어선 보상은 아직 사회적 합의에 도달하지 못했다. 공유숙박 플랫폼의 경우 서비스 제공자의 자율성이 크기 때문에 공유운송 플랫폼과 달리 노동자의 보상과 노동조건을 둘러싼 갈등은 크지 않다. 공유 서비스 제공자와 서비스 사용자 간의 갈등은 공유운송보다 공유숙박 플랫폼에서 더 많다. 공유운송은 서비스 사용자 쪽의 불만이 더 많으나, 공유숙박은 서비스 제공자 쪽의 불만이 더 많다. 우버와 에어비앤비 모두 서비스 제공자와 사용자 간의 갈등에 플랫폼 회사가 적극적으로 개입하여 갈등을 해결함으로써 거래 당사자 간 신뢰의 결핍 문제를 보완한다. 한편 공유경제 플랫폼이 활성화되면서 공유경제 참여자와 주변인 간의 갈등이 커졌다. 공유경제 플랫폼을 통해 유휴 재화의 활용도가 증가하는 만큼 재화의 소유 수요가 감소하지 않는다면, 공유경제 옹호론자의 주장과는 반대로 공유경제가 환경에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper examines the conflict between sharing economy participants, using transportation-sharing platform Uber and accommodation-sharing platform Airbnb as examples. Transportation-sharing and accommodation-sharing differ greatly in the characteristics of participants and services so that the patterns of conflict vary substantially. Uber unilaterally won the conflict with taxi service providers because it increased user convenience by applying new technologies against the background of the high complaints of citizens about the taxi service. Airbnb has compromised with the hotel industry by limiting the length of time the hosts rent through the platform. In the conflict between the transportation-sharing platform and service providers, an agreement was reached that the platform should compensate above the legal minimum wage and guarantee worker’s safety, but compensation beyond the level is still waiting for social consensus. Unlike transportation-sharing platforms, the conflict over worker’s compensation and working conditions is not significant in the accommodation-sharing platform, since the autonomy of the service providers is quite large. Conflicts between service providers and service users are more common in the accommodation-sharing platform than in the transportation-sharing platform. Uber has more complaints from service users, while Airbnb has more complaints from service providers. In both Uber and Airbnb, platform companies actively intervene in the conflicts between service providers and users to resolve them, thereby compensating for the lack of trust between trading partners. As the sharing economy platform became popular, conflicts between participants in the sharing economy and those around them increased. Contrary to the arguments of advocates of the sharing economy, it could have a negative impact on the environment, as long as the demand for ownership of the goods does not decrease as the utilization of idle goods increases through sharing economy platforms.

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