다문화주의에서 시민통합으로: 네덜란드의 이민자 통합정책
Immigrants Integration Policy in the Netherlands
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초록
최근 유럽의 정상들이 다문화주의의 실패를 선언하면서 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합정책이 주목받고 있다. 왜냐하면 유럽의 이민자 사회통합정책이 다문화주의 모델에서 시민통합 정책으로 선회하고 있는데 이를 가장 먼저 주도한 국가가 네덜란드이기 때문이다. 시민통합 정책은 이민자들이 수용국 사회의 언어, 역사, 제도에 대한 기본적 지식을 습득하는 것이 이민자 통합에서 필수적임을 강조하고 있다. 본 연구는 네덜란드의 변화된 이민자 사회통합정책에서 중요한 요소인 가족이민의 조건 강화 중 특히 결혼이민자의 법적 지위, 이민자 사회통합정책의 추진체계를 분석하고, 이민자 사회통합정책을 두 가지로 나누어 이민자 대상 사회통합정책과 시민 대상 사회통합정책으로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합 관련 업무는 내무·왕국관계부와 이민·귀화청이 법무부, 보건·복지·스포츠부, 사회·고용부, 교육·문화·과학부, 외무부 등과 협조 관계를 맺으며 추진한다. 내무·왕국관계부에서는 이민정책 수립 기능을 맡고, 이민·귀화청에서는 이민정책의 집행기능을 맡는다. 외국인의 입국 관리, 불법체류자 단속과 강제 퇴거 업무는 범무부에서 담당한다. 외무부는 사증업무, 보건·복지·스포츠부는 복지정책과 가족정책, 사회·고용부는 노동시장 정책, 교육·문화·과학부에서는 교육정책을 다룬다. 1990년대 이후 ‘개인의 책임’을 강조하는 신자유주의 정책이 이민정책에도 투영되면서, 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합정책은 이민통제를 강화하는 정책들에 밀려 퇴조하였다.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine immigrants integration policy in the Netherlands, which has been paid attentions when the key political leaders in Europe recently declared the failure of multiculturalism. Studying the Dutch case is worthwhile because the Netherlands was a pioneer who took initiatives in shifting the basic direction of immigrants integration policy from multiculturalism to civic integration. The idea of civic integration claims that the basic knowledge of language, history, and institution for receiving countries is indispensable to immigrant integration. We investigate the legal status of marriage-migrants, which indicates tougher restrictions on family migration. We also explore the current implementation system for social incorporation policy which includes the contents, programs, and implementation system for social incorporation policy as well as its governance system. Social integration policies for immigrants are covered by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the Immigration and Naturalization Service in cooperation with the Ministry of Security and Justice, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. While the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations establishes immigration policy, the Immigration and Naturalization Service implements that policy. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues visas, and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport is in charge of welfare policy and family policy. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment takes responsibility of labor market policy. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is responsible for education policy. Since the 1990s, neoliberal ideas that emphasized personal responsibility were reflected on immigration policies. As immigration controls have been strengthened, the social integration policies for immigrants have been in decline.
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