유럽의 이민자통합정책과 시민권의 재구성: 네덜란드와 영국 사례를 중심으로
Immigrant integration and reconfiguration of citizenship in Europe: cases of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
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네덜란드에서 시작한 시민통합정책은 2000년대 들어 유럽연합과 회원국으로 확산되어 ‘다문화주의에서 통합으로’의 패러다임 전환을 가져왔다. 이것은 유럽 국가들의 이민정책의 변화만 아니라 시민권 개혁을 의미한다. 유럽국가들은 이민자통합정책을 통해 국적취득을 이주자의 감성적 소속감과 국민정체성과 연계하여 사회응집을 꾀하고, 민족적 동일성을 유지코자 한다. 이러면서, 시민권제도의 자유화로 인해 과거에는 자산으로 여겨지던 이중시민권이 이제는 오히려 국가에 대한 충성심을 약화시키고 국가안보를 해치는 요소로 여겨진다. 이러한 상황에서 국민국가중심의 시민권이 탈민족주의의 국제인권 담론을 대치하는 것은 아닐지라도, 1990년대 탈민족주의가 성장하던 때와는 다른 양상으로 전개되고 있다. 이런 측면에서 유럽에서 다문화주의를 표방하던 대표적 국가인 네덜란드와 영국의 이민자통합정책을살펴봄으로써 이 두 국가에서 이주자 시민권이 어떻게 재구성되는지를 고찰하고자 한다.
Abstract
In the 2000s the EU and its member states introduced immigrant integration policies,which was first implemented in the Netherlands. This actually shifted frommulticulturalism to integration. The shift presents not only changes in immigrationpolicies but also a citizenship reform. Through immigrant integration the stateshave made a linkage between citizenship and national identity in order to intensifysocial cohesion. In doing so, once perceived as an asset, dual citizenship is seen asa threat in terms of polluting loyalty to a nation-state and weakening nationalsecurity. In this situation, nation-centered citizenship has been reasserted althoughit dose not replace the post-nationalist thesis: international human rights. The papertherefore examines the ways in which the Netherlands and the UK, previouslyknown as multicultural countries, reconfigure citizenship for migrants by looking attheir development of immigrant integration policies.
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