Bolivia, South Korea, and the Development of Lithium Reserves: Understanding the Benefits and Costs of a Newly Demanded Commodity
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Lithium is becoming an important resource in the world economy. An increasing number of products require the metal, ranging from laptops to hybrid vehicles. While a number of countries contain deposits,Bolivia has over 50% of the world’s reserves. As international interest grows, so are economic incentives to export the commodity. Although this subject has attracted scant scholarly research, the development of lithium reserves raises fundamental research questions that are both academically important and policy relevant. First, lacking the capacity to develop the reserves, the Bolivian government has actually bypassed U.S. corporations, its traditional partners, to seek assistance from South Korea. Although most research has focused on China’s inroads into Latin America, what does this new source of foreign direct investment mean for the country’s development? Second, there has been a growing body of literature questioning the positive externalities of export-led growth. Will Bolivia be able to benefit from the exportation of lithium?In addition to addressing these questions, this paper aims to: 1) Discuss the specific challenges an impoverished country like Bolivia faces; 2)analyze previous failures with the export-led development model; and 3) advance policies on how Bolivia will be able to benefit from the development and exportation of its lithium reserves.
Abstract
Lithium is becoming an important resource in the world economy. An increasing number of products require the metal, ranging from laptops to hybrid vehicles. While a number of countries contain deposits,Bolivia has over 50% of the world’s reserves. As international interest grows, so are economic incentives to export the commodity. Although this subject has attracted scant scholarly research, the development of lithium reserves raises fundamental research questions that are both academically important and policy relevant. First, lacking the capacity to develop the reserves, the Bolivian government has actually bypassed U.S. corporations, its traditional partners, to seek assistance from South Korea. Although most research has focused on China’s inroads into Latin America, what does this new source of foreign direct investment mean for the country’s development? Second, there has been a growing body of literature questioning the positive externalities of export-led growth. Will Bolivia be able to benefit from the exportation of lithium?In addition to addressing these questions, this paper aims to: 1) Discuss the specific challenges an impoverished country like Bolivia faces; 2)analyze previous failures with the export-led development model; and 3) advance policies on how Bolivia will be able to benefit from the development and exportation of its lithium reserves.
참고문헌 (59)
- "Venezuela’s Oil-based Economy" (2009)[URL]
- Baldwin, R. E., "The Development and Testing of Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Models: A Review" (2008), MIT Press
- Bhagwati, J., "Why Multinationals Help Reduce Poverty", The World Economy, 30(2), pp.211~228 (2007)
- Burns, B., "The Modernization of Underdevelopment: El Salvador,1858-1931", The Journal of Developing Areas, 18(3), pp.293~316 (1984)
- "Bolivian Lithium Production Moves Forward on South Korea jv" (2012)[URL]
- ECLAC, "Foreign direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 2010, The United Nations ECLAC" (2011), Unidad de Distribución de la CEPAL
- "Korea and Bolivia Sign Deal on Precious Lithium" (2010)[URL]
- "China’s Latin American Interests" (2012)[URL]
- "The New Banks in Town: Chinese Finance in Latin America" (2012)[URL]
- Gallagher, K.P., "The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization" (2010), Stanford University Press
- Gerring, J., "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?", The American Political Science Review, 98(2), pp.341~354 (2004)
- Gonzalez, E.T., "Anticorruption Initiatives in the Philippines: Breakthroughs, Limits, and Challenges, In Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action", pp.77~134 (2004), The World Bank
- "Scientific American", 2010, ~
- Hearn, A.H., "China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory" (2011), Lynne Rienner Publishers
- Humphreys, M., "Escaping the Resource Curse" (2007), Columbia University Press
- "Procesarán 500 toneladas de litio por año" (2012)[URL]
- "Struggle for Land in Bolivia" (2006)[URL]
- Kapler, J., "Course Lecture ECON*335 International Finance", pp.2006, University of Mass
- López, J. F., "Korea’s Engagement in Latin America", pp.1~4 (2012), Korea Economic Institute
- Korea: Breaking the Mold of the Asia-Latin America Relationship, "Mesquita Moreira, M.", Inter-American Development Bank, ~ (2011)
- Montgomery, T. S., "Revolution in El Salvador: Origins and Evolutions" (1982), Westview
- Peel, M., "Petrol Queues in Nigeria as Prices Set to Rise", Financial Times, 10~ (2003)
- Pugel, T. A., "International Economics, 12th ed", pp.2004, McGraw Hill
- Ramamurti, R., "The Obsolescing Bargaining Model? MNC-Host Developing Country Relations Revisited", Journal of International Business Studies, 32(1), pp.23~39 (2001)
- "Litio boliviano: Un mar de oportunidades" (2009)[URL]
- Ripley, C., "The Privatization of Nicaragua’s Energy Sector: Market Imperfections and Popular Discontent", Latin American Policy, 1(1), pp.114~132 (2010)
- Ripley, C., "Exchange Rate Policy Options for South America: Making the Case for Flexibility", Latin America Policy, 1(2), pp.244~263 (2010)
- Robinson, J.A., "Political Foundations of the Resource Curse", Journal of Development Economics, 79(2), pp.447~468 (2006)
- Rodrik, D., "The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work, Policy Essay No. 24" (1999), John Hopkins University Press
- Rodrik, D., "One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth" (2007), Princeton University Press
- Industrial Development: Some Stylized Facts and Policy Directions, In Industrial Development for the 21st Century: Sustainable Development Perspectives, "Rodrik, D.", The United Nations, 7~28 (2007)
- Rybczynski, T. M., "Factor Endowments and Relative Commodity Prices", Economica, 22, pp.336~341 (1955)
- Santiso, J., "The Visible Hand of China in Latin America" (2007), OECD
- Shultz, J., "Dignity and Defiance: Stories from Bolivia’s Challenge to Globalization" (2008), University of California Press
- Stiglitz, J. E., "Globalization and Its Discontents" (2002), W.W. Norton and Company, Inc
- "Transparency International National Integrity Systems Country Study Report Nigeria" (2004)[URL]
- Truman, E. M., "A Blueprint for Sovereign Wealth Fund Best Practices", Peterson Institute for International Economics, pp.1~21 (2008)
- Van Cott, D. L., "Radical Democracy in the Andes" (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Vargas, M. V., "Bolivia’s New Contract Terms", Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, pp.1~9 (2007)
- Virtucio, M.A.G., "Tender Mercies: Contracts, Concessions and Privatization", Public Policy, 5(1), pp.73~107 (2001)
- Woong An, J., "Recovery of Lithium from Uyuni Salar Brine", Hydrometallurgy, 117-118, pp.64~70 (2012)
- A World Bank Country Study: Strengthening Bolivian Competitiveness: Export Diversification and Inclusive Growth, "World Bank", The World Bank, ~ (2009)
- World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography, "World Bank", World Bank, ~ (2009)
- "World Bank Country at a Glance: Bolivia" (2011)[URL]
- "Bolivia Overview" (2009)[URL]
- "CLHB será YPFB Logística S.A. y Perú pide una compensación" (2008)[URL]
- "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results" (2010)[URL]
- "Cuatro puentes se construirán con financiamiento coreano" (2010)[URL]
- "External Debt Shocks, Public and Publically Guaranteed (PPG)" (2011)[URL]
- "Ex titular de YPFB Transporte dice que firma prevé déficit de US$10,1 millones" (2009)[URL]
- "IMF Intensifies Work on Sovereign Wealth Funds" (2008)[URL]
- "Inside an Industry: Coryton Oil Refinery" (2006)[URL]
- "La pobreza aún es alta a pesar de Renta Dignidad y Juancito Pinto" (2011)[URL]
- "Pension Reserve and Social and Economic Stabilization Fund" (2009)[URL]
- "Petrobras amenaza con medidas por las refinerías", La Prensa, 1~ (2006)
- "Population Below National Poverty Line, Total, Percentage" (2010)[URL]
- "The Dutch Disease", The Economist (1977)
- "Tin Soldiers", The Economist, pp.32~ (1999)
- "Tres decretos que favorecen a la exportación boliviana" (2009)[URL]