16-18세기 아마존 일반어(Língua Geral Amazônica)의 탄생과 확장: 원주민의 말에서 정복의 언어로
The Birth and Expansion of Língua Geral Amazônica in the 16th-18th Centuries: from Indigenous Oral Language to the Language of Conquest
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Língua Geral Amazônica was an official language that functioned for colonization of the Amazon through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It was originated from the Tupi or Tupinambá, an inidigenous tribal language, but went through a process of being systematized and detribalized by the Jesuits, which consolidated its position as a standard language of power. In this process, the other indigenous tribes were treated as a single unit called tapuia, and later al indigenous people, whether Tupi or Tapuia, were generalized as Índio Genérico. Currently, the language which has been called Nhengatu since the nineteenth century is still present in the northern part of the Amazon. The aim of this study is to understand what kind of communication was intended by the Portuguese colonizers when they adopted the Língua Geral and promoted its use for colonization of the region. For that purpose, I examine the historical process through which the Tupinambá language was transformed from a coloquial indigenous language to a language of conquest until the mid-eighteenth century. The reason for such delimitation is that the language lost its official position as a general language for communication in 1757 when the Marquis of Pombal prohibited its use. The point of departure for this study is the problematic question concerning the modern Nheengatu, which has recently taken on the symbolic meaning of the indigenous peoples’ struggle for decolonization as well as for the restoration of indigenous identity in Brazil. The paradox exists because although it was created based on an indigenous language, it apparently was the language of conquest in the colonial period. Thus, in this study, by focusing on a series of interpretations on the Língua Geral and its position attributed by the Portuguese colonizers during this period, I estimate how and toward which direction Nheengatu and indigenous related research should develop in the current context.
Abstract
Língua Geral Amazônica was an official language that functioned for colonization of the Amazon through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It was originated from the Tupi or Tupinambá, an inidigenous tribal language, but went through a process of being systematized and detribalized by the Jesuits, which consolidated its position as a standard language of power. In this process, the other indigenous tribes were treated as a single unit called tapuia, and later al indigenous people, whether Tupi or Tapuia, were generalized as Índio Genérico. Currently, the language which has been called Nhengatu since the nineteenth century is still present in the northern part of the Amazon. The aim of this study is to understand what kind of communication was intended by the Portuguese colonizers when they adopted the Língua Geral and promoted its use for colonization of the region. For that purpose, I examine the historical process through which the Tupinambá language was transformed from a coloquial indigenous language to a language of conquest until the mid-eighteenth century. The reason for such delimitation is that the language lost its official position as a general language for communication in 1757 when the Marquis of Pombal prohibited its use. The point of departure for this study is the problematic question concerning the modern Nheengatu, which has recently taken on the symbolic meaning of the indigenous peoples’ struggle for decolonization as well as for the restoration of indigenous identity in Brazil. The paradox exists because although it was created based on an indigenous language, it apparently was the language of conquest in the colonial period. Thus, in this study, by focusing on a series of interpretations on the Língua Geral and its position attributed by the Portuguese colonizers during this period, I estimate how and toward which direction Nheengatu and indigenous related research should develop in the current context.
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