페루 신(新) 광산 개발과 카하마르카 시의 사회 공간적 변동

Abstract

This study deviates from the focus of Latin American urban studies on Metropolitan cities and focuses on a small and medium sized city, the city of Cajamarca, Peru, that has been growing continuously since neoliberal globalisation. Cajamarca represents the development of new mineral extraction, one of the key strategies of Fujimori's neoliberal economic reforms in the 1990s. Unlike the Andean regions of south-central Peru, it is not a traditional mining development area, but since the early 1990s, it has become a new mining development area representing Peru, starting with the development of the Yanacocha open-pit mine. Unlike previous studies that have focused on the transformation of rural areas in such local changes, this study focuses on the growth of small and medium-sized cities due to neoliberal globalisation and their social and spatial changes based on the fact that Yanacocha's large-scale open-pit mine development project is adjacent to the city of Cajamarca. Findings of this study are as follows: 1) the development of large-scale open-pit mines has had a profound impact on changes in the rural population and ecological resources of the jalca region where the mines are located, causing a migration of people to the city of Cajamarca. However, farmers who migrated to the cities struggled to find stable jobs or housing in the cities. This is mainly due to the low linkage effect with the local economy due to the capital-technology-intensive nature of open-pit mine development, and the mining canon and royalties generated from mine development are limited in investing in the sustainable development of the region in the long term; 2) the migration of local and international professionals and elites to the city of Cajamarca for mining development was also prominent, creating an exclusive global urban space through exclusive residences, commercial spaces, educational institutions, and lifestyles. Therefore, it can be seen that neoliberal globalisation, such as the development of large-scale open-pit mines, has contributed to the formation of the phenomenon of dual urbanisation of small and medium sized cities such as the city of Cajamarca.