페루 국가와 사회관계에 대한 고찰(1990-2015): 광산 개발과 사회 분쟁 사례를 중심으로
State and Society in Conflict (1990-2015): The Case of Mineral Extraction and Social Conflicts in Peru
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With the economic structural reforms and market-oriented economic development implemented over the last few decades, Latin American countries have witnessed increasing incidence of social conflict across the region, leading to a crisis of governability. Particularly in the Andean region, conflicts between the state and society have become more intense and frequent in recent years, partly explained by their weak political institutions and their lack of credibility among the majority of the population. In the Peruvian case, the colonial legacy and its lingering effects on the unequal political structure are at the roots of weak political institutions, according to a respected Peruvian scholar Julio Cotler. Accordingly, the country has long been ruled by a political and economic oligarchy even after its independence, by resulting in the marginalization of the masses, or otherwise incorporating a selected section of the society. This exclusive inclusion has been maintained with the political and economic modernization of the twentieth century, a fact which has kept the country in a state of constant political and economic crisis. The corruption scandal of the authoritarian Fujimori regime brought Peru to democratic rule once again in 2000. In the meantime, high prices for commodities in the international markets kept the country’s resource-based economy stable and upbeat in the 2000s. However, this political and economic liberalization does not seem to guarantee governability under successive governments as the country has been witnessing increasing frequency of social conflict, particularly in relation to resource extraction. Against this backdrop, this article provides an examination of the state and society relationship since 1990. In particular, it looks at the dynamics of the state vis-a-vis the social protests related to the resource extraction. By doing this, I argue that the reform of democratic institutions (with little political will) does not guarantee the democratization of the state-society relationship given the inequality which is deeply rooted in the structure of political institutions since the colonial times.
Abstract
With the economic structural reforms and market-oriented economic development implemented over the last few decades, Latin American countries have witnessed increasing incidence of social conflict across the region, leading to a crisis of governability. Particularly in the Andean region, conflicts between the state and society have become more intense and frequent in recent years, partly explained by their weak political institutions and their lack of credibility among the majority of the population. In the Peruvian case, the colonial legacy and its lingering effects on the unequal political structure are at the roots of weak political institutions, according to a respected Peruvian scholar Julio Cotler. Accordingly, the country has long been ruled by a political and economic oligarchy even after its independence, by resulting in the marginalization of the masses, or otherwise incorporating a selected section of the society. This exclusive inclusion has been maintained with the political and economic modernization of the twentieth century, a fact which has kept the country in a state of constant political and economic crisis. The corruption scandal of the authoritarian Fujimori regime brought Peru to democratic rule once again in 2000. In the meantime, high prices for commodities in the international markets kept the country’s resource-based economy stable and upbeat in the 2000s. However, this political and economic liberalization does not seem to guarantee governability under successive governments as the country has been witnessing increasing frequency of social conflict, particularly in relation to resource extraction. Against this backdrop, this article provides an examination of the state and society relationship since 1990. In particular, it looks at the dynamics of the state vis-a-vis the social protests related to the resource extraction. By doing this, I argue that the reform of democratic institutions (with little political will) does not guarantee the democratization of the state-society relationship given the inequality which is deeply rooted in the structure of political institutions since the colonial times.
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