페루 신자유주의와 광산 갈등: 꽁가 광산 개발 반대운동을 중심으로
Mining conflicts in Neoliberal Peru: the case of Conga project
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초록
꽁가 광산 개발 반대운동은 90년대 초부터 광산 개발 지역 농민들이 경험한 자신의 영토와 자연자원에 대한 통제력 상실, 수자원의 양적 고갈과 수질 오염, 야나꼬차 사의 주민에 대한 기만과 위협, 일방적으로 회사만을 지원하는 국가에 대한 불신이 복합적으로 작용하여 발생하였다. 현재의 신자유주의적 채굴산업 정책은 민간기업의 이익 추구를 위해 농민으로부터 토지와 물을 일방적으로 강탈하면서 전개되어 왔다. 이 점에서 꽁가 반대운동은 페루 나아가 라틴아메리카 광산개발에서 나타나는 일반적 광산 개발 저항운동의 패턴과 크게 다르지 않다. 페루 정부는 정책과 억압을 통해 이러한 강탈을 적극 지원해왔으며 이 점에서 페루 신자유주의국가는 단순한 시장 만능국가를 넘어 폭력 국가이자 억압 국가의 성격을 보이고 있다. 그러나무엇보다도 흥미로운 것은 꽁가 사례를 통해 우리는 지역사회 주민에 비해 막강한 자원능력을가진 광산회사의 회유와 신자유주의 국가의 억압적 개입에도 불구하고 주민들이 막대한 희생을 무릅쓰고 개발을 저지하는데 성공하였다는 점이다. 꽁가 사례는 국가와 광산기업의 개발 연합에 대해 주민의 동원과 조직을 통해 이를 저지할 수 있었다는 점에서 반민주적 신자유주의개발 드라이브에 대한 민주적 저항의 가능성을 보여주고 있다는 점에서 의의 깊은 사례라고 할수 있다.
Abstract
The movement against the Conga project in Northern state of Cajamarca is a noteworthy case in that in neoliberal Peru, where the state and mining companies form a strong alliance and impose ruthless drive for the mining projects, weak civil society groups and people in the region were able to halt the Conga mine project. Peasants near the mining site opposed the project for fear that Conga mine project would divest them of clean water essential for their agricultural activities and people in urban areas, especially in the city of Cajamarca, were angered by the reckless ways Yanacocha mining company have shown in handling water issue which is vital for the people’s life. Yanacocha have had a record of environmental pollution and maintained neglectful attitude towards peasants around mining sites, thus building bad reputation. People in communities around the Yanacocha mining sites have been abused by the threatening and deceitful behavior of the company. The Peruvian state, on its part, has not hesitated using violence in breaking opposition movement. Five people were killed and hundreds injured by the police during the confrontation with the police. However, most important was the continuous mobilization of the people including two large scale demonstrations and state-wide strikes. With the strenuous mobilization against the project for full one year which incurred two emergency measures and cabinet shake-ups the government finally gave in. The success of the opposition movement was not necessarily because civil society was strong enough to induce the concession by the central government but because the character of the issue, enough supply of clean water, was a vital and unnegotiable issue for the people and because the stories of abuse and neglect by the company and the state were instrumental in exerting national and international pressure toward the Peruvian state.
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