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효과적인 비계설정을 위한 수업설계모형

Instructional Design Model for Effective Scaffolding

강정찬|황주연|이상수
한국교육정보미디어학회 (Korea Association for Educational Information and Media)|2006.09|교육정보미디어연구 (Journal of Korean Association for Educational Information and Media)|제12권 제3호|pp. 149-175

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키워드

Scaffolding자기조절Self-regulationInstructional Design Model비계설정수업설계모형
주제분류교육학

초록

교육현장에서 비계설정을 효과적으로 적용하기 위해서는 비계설정 역시 체제적인 관점에서 체계적인 접근이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이론적인 고찰을 중심으로 효과적인 비계설정을 구현하기 위한 수업설계 모형을 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, ADDIE 모형에 기초하여 효과적인 비계 설정을 구현하기 위한 수업설계 모형을 개발하였다. 둘째, 각 단계별로 비계설정의 실행을 위해 주의하여야 할 사항들과 비계설정의 실행전략들을 제시하였다. 분석단계에서는 비계설정 자체의 목표를 구체화할 필요성을 강조하였으며, 비계설정 전략 수립을 위해 고려해야할 학습자, 학습과제, 학습 환경 차원의 요인들을 논의하였다. 과제분석 단계에서는 학습과정에서 비계설정이 필요로 하는 장애 요인들을 분석하여 제시하였으며 학습자 분석에서는 실제 자기조절 수준과 ZPD를 분석할 수 있는 도구들도 제시하였다. 설계단계에서는 비계설정의 주체 선정 전략, 수업전략에 따른 비계설정 설계 전략, 비계설정 제공 수준의 결정, 학습과제에 따른 비계설정 설계 전략 등도 제시하였다. 이러한 정보는 현장의 교육전문가들에게 실천적인 도움을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

Scaffolding is intrinsically dynamic and adaptive processes depended on contexts of learning environment, learners, and tasks. To design effective scaffolding, there should be systematic analysis and diagnoses on learners ZPD and self-regulation level followed by design of scaffolding strategies and scaffolders. The purpose of the study is to develop an instructional design model for effective scaffolding based on theoretical study. The characteristics of the model are as follows. (1) The instructional design model for effective scaffolding was developed based on the ADDIE model. (2) Scaffolding strategies and some suggestions are provided for each design step: ①Phase Ⅰ: analyzing need, learning tasks, learners and environment. In this phase, it is necessary to establish specific scaffolding goals. Also learner's learning obstacles are classified by Gagne's learning outcomes. For analyzing learners, the study suggests tools for diagnosing learners' self-regulation level and ZPD. ② Phase Ⅱ: designing of scaffolding strategies. In this phase, the model suggest the way to select scaffolers, select scaffolding strategies based on the learning task, select the level of scaffolding and select media. ③ Phase Ⅲ: Developing the media, assessment tools. In this phase, the model suggest how media and assessment tools are developed for scaffolding. ④ Phase Ⅳ: Implementing scaffolding strategies. In this phase, the model suggest how scaffolding strategies should be implemented. ⑤ Phase Ⅴ: Evaluation. In this phase, the model describe how to evaluate scaffolding design process, implementation process and results of scaffolding strategies. The model has practical implications for the teachers in the education field. The model can help educational experts in designing effective scaffolding strategies.

참고문헌 (86)

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  46. "아동의 수학적 문제해결에서 부모의 비계설정", 11, pp.115~134 (1997)
  47. "역동적 평가의 문제와 발전방향", 10(2), pp.53~79 (1997)
  48. "가상현실 학습 환경에서 학습을 촉진하는 비계설정에 대한 이론적 고찰", 8(2), pp.174~190 (2003)
  49. "비고츠키의 사회 문화적 이론이 유아교육에 주는 시사: 비계설정과 역동적 평가", 12(2), pp.123~153 (2000)
  50. "Reading and writing as natural language activities", pp.168~175 (1983)
  51. "Scaffolding children's learning: Vygotsky and early childhood education" (1995), The National Association for the Education of Young Children
  52. "Self-regulated learning:where we are today", 31(6), pp.445~457 (1999)
  53. "Diagnosing zone of proximal development" (1985), Cambridge University Press
  54. "The validity of learning potential An Interactional approach to evaluating learning potential" (1987), New york; Guilfoerd Press
  55. "A taxonomy of approaches and an outline of strenghths and weaknesses", pp.113~121 (1989)
  56. "Linking dynamic assessment with school achievement An interactional approach to evaluting leraning potential" (1987), In C Guilford Press
  57. "The language of teaching and learning" (1988), Heinemann
  58. "Scaffolding: An Important teacher competency in online learning", 47, pp.39~44 (2003)
  59. "The systematic design of instruction" (2005), Pearson
  60. "The dynamic assessment of related performance" (1979), University Park Press
  61. "Intervention programs for retarded performance Implication for reform" (1991)
  62. "Principles of Instructional Design,5th ed" (2005), Wadsworth
  63. "Open learning environments: foundation, methods and models,Reigeluth", 2 (1999), Lawrence Erlbaum associates Publishers
  64. "Scaffolding Student Learning: Instructional Approaches and Issues" (1997), Brookline Books
  65. "Tools of the mind: A Vygotskian approach to early childhood education" (1995), Prentice Hall
  66. "The shifting focus of maternal tutoring across different difficulty levels on a problem solving task British Journal of Developmental Psychology", pp.147~155 (1990)
  67. "Using instructional discourse analysis to study the scaffolding of student self-regulation", 37(1), pp.17~25 (2002)
  68. "Future online teachers' scaffolding: What kind of advance technology innovations would teachers like to see in future distance training projects", 9(4), pp.599~606 (2001)
  69. "A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students", 16(4), pp.385~407 (2004)
  70. "Dynamic assessment in the language classroom", 9(3), pp.233~265 (2005)
  71. "Cognitive socialization practices across ethnocultural contexts: How much does literacy account for cultural differences in intellectual performance?" (1998)
  72. "Supporting science Learning and Teaching with software-based Scaffolding" (2006)
  73. "Scaffolding design guidelines for learner-centered software environments" (2002)
  74. "A Scaffolding Design Framework for Software to Support Science Inquiry", 13(3), pp.337~386 (2004)
  75. "Supporting the process of literacy understanding Analysis of a classroom discussion national Research Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature" (1991)
  76. "Apprenticeship in thinking:Cognitive development in social context" (1990), Oxford University Press
  77. "Scaffolding Analysis: Extending Metaphor to Learning Artifacts", 13(3), pp.387~422 (2004)
  78. "Self regulated learning: the educational legacy of paul R. Pintrich", 40(2), pp.85~94 (2005)
  79. "Instructional design,3rd Ed" (2005), Wiley
  80. "The metaphor of scaffolding:Its utility for the field of learning disabilities", 31, pp.344~364 (1998)
  81. "Synergy: A complement to emerging patterns of distributed Scaffolding", 13(3), pp.305~336 (2004)
  82. "Rousing minds to life Teaching learning and schooling in social context" (1988), Cambridge University Press
  83. "Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology" (1978), Cambridge University Press
  84. "Scaffolding-by-Design as a model for online learner support" (2001), University of Twente
  85. "The role of tutoring in problem solving Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry", pp.89~100 (1976)
  86. "A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning", 81, pp.329~339 (1989)

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