국제법상 생태계기반 접근법의 지위에 관한 소고
Legal Status of Ecosystem-based Approach in International Law
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전 세계가 전례 없는 어업위기에 직면하고 있는바 국가관할권 이원지역(Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction)의 해양생태계를 고려한 광범위한 보존조치의 채택이 요구되고 있다. 국제사회는 2004년부터 국가관할권 이원지역의 해양생물다양성(Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, BBNJ)을 보존하기 위하여 국제법적으로 구속력 있는 국제문서를 마련하기 위한 노력을 기울여 왔다. 이 가운데 기존의 단일종(single species)에 기반한 어업관리방식에서 벗어나 생태계기반 접근법(Ecosystem-based Approach)이 과학자들로부터 주목을 받고 있으며, 이는 자연스럽게 BBNJ 논의와 맞물리게 되었다. 생태계기반 접근법은 생태계의 보전 및 지속가능한 이용과 유지를 목적으로 생태학적 범위 내에서 생태계의 구조와 기능에 초점을 두는 일종의 거버넌스적 접근법을 요구한다. 결국 공해 및 심해저의 통합적인 생태계관리를 전제한 BBNJ 국제문서의 성안을 목전에 두고 있는 현재 시점에서 생태계기반 접근법의 국제법적 지위에 관한 고찰이 필요하다. 따라서 본고에서는 생태계기반 접근법의 개념을 확인하고, 다양한 형태로 존재하는 관련 국제법문서를 분석함으로써 동 접근법이 국제법상 발전해 온 과정을 살펴보았다. 이를 바탕으로 동 접근법이 현대 국제환경법에서 갖는 법적 지위를 검토하였다.
Abstract
The world is facing an unprecedented fishing crisis, requiring the adoption of a wide range of conservation measures taking into account the marine ecosystem of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Since 2004, the international community has been making efforts to prepare an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) in order to conserve biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). Amongst these, the ecosystem-based approach (EbA) is drawing attention from a number of scientists, moving away from single-species focused fisheries management, which naturally coincided with the BBNJ discussion. The ecosystem-based approach requires a governance approach that focuses on structure and functions of ecosystem within the ecological scope for the purpose of the conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystem. Eventually the international legal status of the ecosystem-based approach needs to be considered at the present time, as the BBNJ instrument presupposing integrated ecosystem management of the high seas and the Area is on the verge of being drafted. In this paper the basic concept of an ecosystem-based approach was identified, and relevant international legal instruments in various forms were analyzed to examine the progress of this approach in international law. Based on this, the legal status of the approach in modern international environmental law was reviewed.
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