러시아어에 나타난 10월 혁명의 파토스와 에토스
Pathos and Ethos of the October Revolution Reflected in the Russian Language
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본 논문은 1917년 10월 러시아 볼셰비키혁명 이후 러시아어가 어휘와 문법에서 겪은 변화와 함께 어떤 언어가 사회, 문화적으로 올바른 언어로 간주되고, 국가와 권력에 의해 올바른 정치언어로 강요되었는지를 개괄적으로 조망한 연구다. 러시아어는 혁명 직후 전통 문화와의 단절이 이종교배적, 혼종적 언어 혼란을 야기했고, 그로 인한 규범 부재와 언어가치의 혼란에 대한 반작용으로 규범과 언어문화에 대한 필요성과 국가적 정체성의 상징인 표준어에 대한 요구가 이어지면서 러시아어는 “패러다임의 전환”을 연속적으로 경험한다. 본 연구는 언어, 사회, 권력, 이데올로기의 상관성에 관한 ‘러시아적 선택과 해법’을 살펴보면서 혁명 직후 러시아의 이념적 국제주의적 이상이 점차적으로 민족주의적 가치 우선으로 전환됨과 그 언어적 징후를 알아볼 것이다. 본 논문은 특히 사회주의 혁명정신에 부합하는 평등의 개념을 실현하기 위해 계층, 신분, 젠더 차이를 없앤 “정치적으로 올바른” 호칭의 변화와 여성 지시 직업명사의 조어적 갈등과 전통적 문법에의 적용 문제 등을 다루었고 스탈린 시대의 언어정책을 조망하고 그 근간이 된 ‘언어문화’라는 개념과 당대의 주류 마르크스주의 언어이론인 마르주의를 살펴보았다. 소비에트신어는 사고통제의 언어공학적 기제로서 체제 유지와 안정에 필요한 언어형식을 부여했는데 이같은 형태에의 집착은 결국 형태와 내용의 분리를 가져오고 의미와 유리된 형태가 형태를 위한 형태로 관성화되면서 소비에트의 붕괴를 촉진시키는 역할을 수행했다고 해석할 수 있다.
Abstract
The study overviews major aspects of the “Soviet Newspeak” after October Revolution in 1917. Although there have been a number of descriptive studies delineating minute linguistic details triggered by the Russian Revolution, only recently there came out outstanding studies substantiating a “linguistic turn”, which deal with correlations between Russian Revolution and the Russian language or discourse as a symbolic or cultural value system. Power and authority in the domination of the ‘meaning’ of the language were targets for invisible linguistic struggles. Under Stalin, the Communist Party and Lenin-Stalin ideological doctrine controlled and prescribed the linguistic and discursive norms and standards. The study surveys major linguistic changes, specifically in lexicon and politically correct modes of address as well as in the pseudo-common gender nouns for female referents. Neologisms, such as abbreviations and newly accommodated common gender nouns, bring about structural conflicts in syntactic agreement, which have potentials to crack the core grammar of Russian, namely Russian inflectional system. Further, the study deals with cultural, ethical values of language in correlation with state, nation, and national identity as well as hidden linguistic ideology and engineering beneath the cultural policy of language purism and language culture.
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