탈사회주의 국가 연구를 위한 시론
A pioneering study on post-socialist state
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초록
현실 사회주의 국가들은 세계자본주의경제체제로의 본격적인 재편입이 이루어짐에 따라 국가 성격의 변화를 겪게 되는데, 적어도 체제전환 초기까지는 철저하게 서구 중심부의 지배와 종속 하에서강력한 외적 요인에 의해 추동되었다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 미국과 유럽을 비롯한 중심부, 특히 금융세계화를 주도하는 금융자본으로의 종속이 크게 강화되면서 구 사회주의체제 국가들은 체제전환과 함께 내부의 분화 과정을 겪게 된다. 주변부 국가는 중심부 국가에 대해 지배/종속 관계에 놓여있으며, 따라서 대체적으로 외부적으로는 종속되고 내부적으로는 강압적 국가가 지배적인 형태라고할 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 볼 때, 비중심부 지역에서의 신자유주의, 즉 ‘종속적 신자유주의’는 신자유주의 일반의 문제점에 덧붙여 (반)주변부적 특수성을 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이와 동시에대부분의 탈사회주의 국가들은 신자유주의로의 전환을 적극 추진하면서도 비중심부 국가들의 특징인 국가주도적 경제구조를 구축하여 신자유주의적 개조는 국가의 강화와 결합될 수 있음을 증명해주고 있다. 한편 푸틴 시대 들어서 과거 옐친 시기의 약탈적이고 지대추구적인 개별 자본가들의 국가포획과 그에 따른 국가 능력 약화는 사라졌지만, 그 대신 석유와 가스를 중심으로 하는 지대 국가적특징은 한층 더 강화되고 있다.
Abstract
As the real socialist states reentered world capitalist system in earnest, the nature of state has been transformed. At the first stage of the transition fo market system, transformation of state has been driven by the external factor under the dependence on and rule by the West Centre. As the dependence of the post-socialist states on the Centre, including U.S. and Europe, in special financial globalization has strengthened, they have been divided and differentiated. The state in Periphery is dependent on and ruled by the Centre externally, however, in general coercive state strengthen domestically. In this context we could say that neoliberalism in Periphery, so called ‘dependent neoliberalism’ has peripheral nature in addition to the general problems happened in neoliberalism. At the same time, most of the post-socialist states build the state-led economic structure(state capitalism), which is the feature of states in Periphery, promoting the transition to neoliberal state. It shows that the neoliberalization of state could be combined with the consolidation of state. By the way, in Putin era disappeared the capture of state by looting and rent-seeking capitalist and weakening of the capacity of state. Instead, the feature of rentier state has been strengthened increasing the portion of the oil and gas energy sector.
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