하이브리드 전쟁 수단으로서의 법률전(Lawfare)의 맥락과 개념
The Context and Concept of Lawfare as a Means of Hybrid Warfare
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초록
1945년 유엔헌장을 통한 무력사용 즉, 전쟁의 불법화는 인류 역사상 초유의 일이었다. 자위권행사와 유엔안보리 결의라는 두 가지 예외를 제외하고는 무력사용이 국제법적으로 금지된 것이었다. 이에 더하여, 제2차 세계대전 후 인권에 대한 각성은 국제법을 통한 전쟁 즉, 무력분쟁에 대한 규제의 망을 더욱 촘촘히 하면서, 특히 국제인도법, 국제인권법, 국제형사법의 비약적 발전으로 이어졌다. 이에 국가들은 국익확보를 위한 정책수단으로서 무력사용을 기피하게 되었고, 군사력을 사용하더라도 최대한 무력분쟁의 외양을 회피하고자 노력하게 되었다. 이러한 맥락에서, 최근에는 전시와 평시 사이의 회색지대에서 약한 정도의 무력사용과 정치, 외교, 경제, 법률 등의 각종 정책수단을 혼용하는 ‘하이브리드 전쟁’ 내지 ‘정치적 전쟁’이 국제관계의 중요 양상으로 대두되고 있다. 물리적 군사력이 동원되는 전통적 전쟁 상황 또는 회색지대를 활용하는 ‘하이브리드 전쟁’ 상황에서 법, 특히 국제법을 정치화하고 무기화하여 국익 추구의 수단으로 활용하는 것을 ‘법률전(lawfare)’이라고 지칭한다. 이는 우리나라에는 생소한 개념이지만 현대 국제관계에서 실제로 활발히 활용되고 있는 정책수단으로서 해외에서는 정책담당자들과 학자들의 깊은 관심의 대상이 되고 있다.
Abstract
The outlawry of war achieved by the Charter of the United Nations in 1945 was indeed a tremendous development in the world history. The Charter prohibited the threat or use of force with only two exceptions of self-defense and of the authorization of the Security Council. Furthermore, the rise of human rights in the aftermath of the World War II led to strict regulation of conducts of war, especially through international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law. Against this backdrop, States have refrained from using military forces as a means to promoting their national interests. Even when they did, they tried to avoid the appearance of an armed conflict as much as possible so as to avoid being restricted by international law of armed conflict. In this context, the phenomenon of ‘hybrid warfare’ or ‘political warfare’ became an important feature of international relations. Exploiting the gray area between war and peacetime, States engaged in ‘hybrid warfares’ might employ both the low-level use of force and other policy options encompassing the areas of politics, diplomacy, economy and law etc. ‘Lawfare’ indicates using law, in particular international law, as a means to secure national interests by politicizing and weaponizing law in the context of an armed conflict or of a hybrid warfare. In the present international relations, States quite often employ lawfare strategies, which became a matter of great interest for both policy-makers and scholars.
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