러시아-우크라이나 전쟁과 중립법의 진화: ‘제한적 중립’ 개념을 중심으로
The Russia-Ukraine War and the Evolution of the Law of Neutrality
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미국과 상당수 나토회원국 등 다수 국가들은 금번 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁에서 우크라이나를 위한 무기 등 군사물자 제공에 적극 나서고 있다. 그런데, 국제사회 일각에서는 이러한 군사물자 지원이, 중립법을 위반하는 것은 아닌지 그리고 전쟁수행 행위에 해당하는 것이 아닌지에 대한의구심이 표출되고 있다. 러시아는 우크라이나로 무기를 운반하는 차량 등은 “합법적” 군사목표물이 될 것이라고 경고하는 등 이러한 의구심을 부추기면서 전쟁 참여 관련 법적 경계선을 과장하고 있다. 16세기 이후 유럽을 중심으로 형성되기 시작한 국제법 분야인 중립법은 전쟁을 불법화한 1928년 켈로그-브리앙 조약과 1945년 유엔헌장 채택 이후 그 법적 위상에 큰 변화를 겪게 된다. 이 두 조약을 통해 그 전까지 국제법상 합법이었던 국가들의 전쟁개시권은 불법화 되었고, 국제법은 침략국과 피침략국을 구분할 수 있는 법적인 눈을 가지게 되었다. 기존의 중립법에 의거하여 ‘불법적 침략국’을 피침략국과 동등하게 대우할 것을 법적으로 요구한다는 것은 이치에 맞지 않는 일이 된 것이다. 이렇게 변화된 중립법은 ‘제한적 중립’이라는 개념을 통해 설명되고 있는데, 그 핵심적 내용은 현 국제법 체제 하에서는 유엔헌장 상 포괄적 무력사용금지 원칙을 위반하는 불법적 침략행위, 즉 불법적 전쟁 개시가 법적으로 존재할 수 있으며, 이 경우 교전국 이외의 유엔회원국들은 피침략국에게 우호적인 행위를 할 수 있는 권리를 갖게 된다는 것이다. 현 시점에서의 국제법 발전 상황을 볼 때, 제3국의 우크라이나에 대한 무기 등 군사물자 제공은 ‘제한적 중립’ 원칙에 부합하며 국제법상 합법적 행위로서 여하한 국제위법행위도 구성하지 않는다고 봄이 타당하다.
Abstract
Since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022, the United States, NATO member States and a number of other States are actively engaging in the provision of weapons and logistical support to Ukraine. There are however some voices expressing doubts that such provision of weapons and war materials could constitute a breach of the law of neutrality and be considered acts of war. Russia tries to exaggerate the relevant legal thresholds threatening that those states supplying weapons to Ukraine would be regarded as belligerent and vehicles delivering those weapons constitute lawful object of attack. The law of neutrality which started to develop in the 16th century had undergone a significant change in the first half of the 20th century in particular after the adoption of the Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928 and the Charter of the United Nations. Through these two treaties, war which had been a lawful instrument of national policy was henceforth outlawed under international law. Since then international law was able to distinguish an unlawful aggressor and its victim. In this context, it does not makes sense for the law of neutrality to require neutral States to observe strict impartiality between these two States. The notion of ‘qualified neutrality’ reflects such changes in the law of neutrality resulting from the outlawry of war that took place in the first half of the 20th century. The fundamental feature of ‘qualified neutrality’ is that States other than the parties to the conflict are entitled to discriminate against the aggressor State and to provide weapons and war materials to the victim of aggression. Thus, the third States supplying arms and other military equipments to Ukraine are considered to be acting in consistent with the principle of ‘qualified neutrality’ and their behaviors are not constituting any internationally wrongful act.
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