빅토르 펠레빈(Виктор Пелевин)의 P세대 (Generation П)에 나타난 포스트 소비에트의 욕망 - 르네 지라르(René Girard)의 ‘모방 욕망 (Mimetic desire)’을 중심으로 -
Post-Soviet Desire in Victor Pelevin’s Generation P - Focusing on Rene Girard’s “Mimetic desire” -
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본 연구의 목적은 빅토르 펠레빈(Виктор Пелевин)의 P세대 (Generation П)에 나타난 포스트소비에트 사회 대중의 욕망(desire)을 문예 비평가이자 문화 인류학자인 르네 지라르(Ren Girard)의이론을 토대로 분석하는 데 있다. 르네 지라르 연구에 따르면, 인간은 ‘모방하는 인간(Homo Mimeticus)’이다. 그는 고전 작품, 고대 신화, 인류학적 자료들을 분석하여 인간의 욕망이 자연 발생적인 것이 아니라 타인을 모방하는 행위에서 발생하는 것이라고 주장한다. 생래(生來)적인 욕구(needs)와 달리 욕망은 타인과의 관계 속에서 습득되는 것으로 다분히 사회적인 개념이다. 욕망은나의 외부에서, 그 누군가로부터 빌려온 감정이다. 즉 인간은 자신의 욕망에 대하여 이방인들이다. 작가 펠레빈은 소설 P세대의 배경인 1990년대를 살아가는 동시대인으로서 당대 현실을 집요하고 치밀하게 묘사하고 있다. 소설 P세대를 통해 작가는 소비에트 사회주의 리얼리즘 소설이 꿈꿔왔던 주체적이고 이상적인 인간의 환상 즉 르네 지라르가 말하는 ‘낭만적 거짓’과 포스트 소비에트사회의 모방적 인간 욕망의 ‘소설적 진실’에 대해 이야기하고 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the desires of the masses in post-Soviet society as shown in Victor Pelevin’s Generation P based on Rene Girard’s theory. As a contemporary living in the 1990s, the setting of the novel Generation P, the author Pelevin persistently and meticulously describes the reality of the time. Through the main character Tatarsky, he presents the image of post-Soviet society’s human beings who must survive in a new society from the perspective of ‘desire.’ Rene Girard explained human desire not as something innate, but as a relationship that arises from imitating others. We borrow our desires from others. He believed that the desire for an object is ultimately satisfied by imitating others who possess it. Generation P closely follows the changes in the relationship between the object and the desire to imitate due to the rapid social changes in Soviet and post-Soviet societies. The rapid social changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union drove the masses into a state of anomie, and the desires of the masses, who lost their norms in the midst of disorderly chaos, were endlessly running toward dangerous levels. In the early capitalist society, where previous values had collapsed and new values and norms had not yet taken hold, the emptiness and anxiety felt by the masses changed the objects and conditions of desire. The explosive desires of the masses without taboos were controlled by a small number of powerful people who controlled the media, and the gap between others and subjects who desired the same objects became so close that the difference could not be felt. The disappearance of the distance between others and subjects caused extreme confusion, and this confusion demanded a new order in society. Rene Girard finds the group’s choice to calm the energy of desire that was rushing toward violence in the ‘sacrifice ritual’. It is to impose all the guilt on the scapegoat chosen by the group in order to fix the indiscriminate desire and the collapsed social order. The novel Generation P is the author Pelevin’s persistent analysis of the masses’ desires to survive in a new world after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It represents the psychology of the masses who had to survive in a society and denounces the reality of post-Soviet society. This study is the result of an effort to approach ‘Truth in the novel (Verite Romanesque)’ by ??analyzing the desires of the post-Soviet society revealed in Generation P based on the theory of desire proposed by Rene Girard.