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87년체제에 대한 비판적 고찰: 제도변화의 논리를 중심으로

A Critical Study of the System of 1987: Focusing on the Logic of Institutional Change

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극동문제연구소 (THE INSTITUTE FOR FAR EASTERN STUDIES)|2008.12|한국과 국제정치 (Korea and World Politics)|제24권 제4호|pp. 127-167|DOI 10.17331/kwp.2008.24.4.005

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참고문헌

키워드

제도변화Party SystemInstitutional Change87년체제Institutional Design정당체제제도디자인거버너빌러티the System of 1987Governability
주제분류정치외교학

초록

이 논문의 목적은 요즈음 널리 회자되고 있는 소위 87년체제를 정치제도적 차원에 한정하여 제도변화의 논리를 통해 비판적으로 살펴보는 데 있다. 분석의 초점은 세 가지다. 첫째, 87년체제의 발생론적 특성에 대한 해명이다. 이는 87년체제가 기반하고 있는 제도디자인의 원리를 분명히 하는 것과 관련된다. 둘째, 87년체제의 제도변화 내용과 결과에 대한 평가다. 셋째, 포스트 87년체제의 제도변화 방향을 살펴본다. 전체적으로 87년체제는 대표성은 말할 것도 없고, 효율성에 기반한 제도디자인의 원리에 부합하는 결과를 만들어내지 못했다. 한마디로 87년체제는 정치적 거버너빌러티나 정당체제의 제도화 차원에서 모두 실패했다. 이는 민주화 이후 지난 20년 동안 왜 사회통합의 위기가 지속되어 왔는가 하는 이유다. 이 점에서 포스트 87년체제를 향한 제도변화는 효율성의 원리가 아닌 대표성의 원리에 기반한 제도디자인을 목표로 해야 한다. 또한 그러한 제도변화는 단순히 개별제도 차원의 좋고 나쁨을 떠나 제도 간 연계 차원에서 각 제도를 하나의 세트로 간주하여 단행할 필요가 있다. 현대민주주의가 정당민주주의라면, 이를 강화시키는 제도적 조합은 의원내각제-비례대표제다.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the system of 1987 through the logic of institutional change. More specifically, this paper deals with three issues. First of all, this paper accounts for genetic features of the system of 1987. From an institutional point of view, this relates to clear the principle of institutional design, which the system of 1987 is based on. In the second place, this paper accounts for concrete results of the system of 1987. In the third place, this paper presents the direction of the institutional change of the post-system of 1987. Overall, the system of 1987 did not make the result, which corresponds in the principle of institutional design based on efficacy, not to mention representative. In a word, the system of 1987 failed in both the political governance and the institutionalization of the party system. This is why the crisis of social integration has continued for the last twenty years after democratization in Korea. In this respect, the institutional change toward the post-system of 1987 should be aimed at institutional design that is not based on the principle of efficacy but on the principle of representative. In that process, each institution must be considered not separately but as one set. The best combination is parliamentarism-proportional representation.

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