기업지배구조 수렴론 비판: 국제기준/모범규준의 역사적 및 규범적 함의
A Critique of Corporate Governance Convergence Thesis: Historical and Normative Implications of Global Standards/Best Practices
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이 글은 기업지배구조 수렴론 논쟁에서 나온 이론적 문제들을 검토한다. 수렴론자들은 소액주주의 권한을 잘 보장하는 영미식 주주모델이 가장 좋은 모델이며, 따라서 국제기준으로 채택되어져야 한다고 주장한다. 반면 다양성 유지론자들은 ‘좋은’ 모델은 하나가 아니며, 역사적 경로의존과 제도적 상보성 때문에 다른 정치경제제도를 가진 국가들이 단일한 제도를 채택하는 것은 매우 어렵다고 반박한다. 국제기준/모범규준으로 수렴이 되지 않는 측면을 설명하는 다양성 유지론과 달리, 이 글은 영미식 주주모델의 역사적 및 규범적 함의에 주목한다. 수렴론과 다양성 유지론은 영미식 주주모델을 시공간을 초월한 이념형으로 간주한다는 점에서는 차이가 없다. 그러나 현재와 같은 주주모델은 1980년대 이후 신자유주의적 경제정책의 결과이다. 또한 이 글은 다양성 유지론이 간과하는 수렴의 규범적 측면을 논구하였다. 소액주주의 권리를 가장 잘 보장한다고 평가되는 영미권 국가들조차 해외투자를 유치하기 위한 경쟁이란 명분하에 주주의 권리를 보장하는 여러 가지 규제를 완화시켰다. 수렴이 하향평균화로 귀결될 수 있다는 가능성은 수렴이 항상 바람직하지 않다는 사실을 의미한다. 이러한 수렴론 비판의 실천적 함의는 국제경제기구가 국제기준/모범규준으로 제시하는 영미식 기업지배구조 원칙들이 모든 국가들에 적용될 수 있는 보편타당한 규범이 아니라는 점에 있다.
Abstract
This article addresses the debate on the convergence of corporate governance that was triggered by Kraakman and Hansmann's 'The End of History for Corporate Law.' The convergence thesis argues that Anglo-American shareholder model is good because it protects shareholders' rights and that many countries have adopted the model since the 1990s. The persistence of diversity thesis, on the other hand, refutes that there are more than one good model and that path dependence and institutional complementarities make it difficult to transplant the model. Unlike the persistence of diversity thesis focusing on the obstacles to convergence, this article sheds light on the historical and normative implications of Anglo-American shareholder model. There is no difference between the two theses in that both regard the model as an historical ideal type. However, the current form of the shareholder model is a consequence of neoliberal economic policies since the 1980s. In addition, the persistence of diversity thesis overlooks the normative dimension of the convergence thesis. Convergence does not always lead to a race to the top. To attract foreign investment, many countries try to weaken regulations on shareholders' right, labour and environment. The policy implication of this article is that it would be very dangerous both to accept the Anglo-American shareholder model as global standards/best practices and to merely emulate the model without substantial modifications.
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