표류를 통한 변환: 19세기 영국 빈민구호정책의 제도 변화와 아이디어의 역할
Explaining English Poor Law Reforms: An Application of a Theory of Gradual Institutional Change
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본 연구는 19세기 영국 빈민구호 개혁의 제도적 성격을 파악하기 위한 목적으로 이루어졌다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 점진적 제도 변화 이론을 적용하여 분석하였다. Mahoney and Thelen(2010)의 점진적 제도 변화론에 따라 제도적 특성과 정치적 맥락의 특성을 중심으로 빈민구호의 성격을 분석한 결과 영국 빈민법은 제도의 재량 허용 수준이 높고 기득권 세력의 비토 가능성이 강해 제도적 표류 상태에 놓였다가 이러한 기득권 세력이 약해지는 18세기 후반부터 개혁 세력이 부상하면서 1834년에 신빈민법이 제정되었는데 이것은 제도 변환이라고 볼 수 있다. 즉 영국의 빈민구호 제도는 1601년의 빈민법 제정 이후 제도적 표류를 거쳐 1834년 제도적 변환으로 변화 양태가 바뀐 것으로 파악되었다. 본 연구는 제도 변환에 작용한 치안판사, 차지농, 빈민, 신흥 상공업자 등의 행위 주체와 함께 핵심 정치사회 엘리트들에게 지대한 영향을 끼친 맬서스와 벤담의 아이디어에 대한 분석도 진행되었다. 연구 결과 점진적 제도 변화론은 영국 빈민구호 제도의 개혁을 설명하는 데 매우 적합한 이론 틀로 판명되었으나 몇 가지 한계도 드러났다. 장차 점진적 제도 변화론은 아이디어의 역할과 외생 변수의 영향을 적절히 통합함으로써 더욱 정교한 이론으로 다듬어야 할 과제를 안고 있다.
Abstract
This paper seeks to explain the 19th century English poor law reforms by applying a theory of gradual institutional change. Mahoney and Thelen, a major developer of the approach suggest a gradual endogenous change could lead to a transformative result in an institution. They address what properties of the institutions allow or drive actors to carry out behaviors that foster the changes. According to them, the political contex and the characteristics of the institution can influence the mode of institutional change. Mahoney and Thelen describe four types of change including drift and conversion. We employed their theoretical framework to identify the characteristics of the English poor law reform in the 19th century. We found that English poor laws experienced an institutional conversion through drift. However, the results suggest that the role of ideas and exogenous variables be incorporated into the theoretical framework, which could enhance the strength and applicability of the theory.
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