1870년 이후의 빈곤과 자본주의 - 영국에서 대불황 전후(前後) 빈곤 담론의 형성과 변화의 역사
The Idea of Poverty and Capitalism Since 1870: Making of Poverty Discourses in the Changing History of Britain
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본고는 1870년경 이래 영국에서 제기되어온 빈곤의 원인에 대한 개인주의와구조주의 패러다임의 사상적 논거에 대한 비판적 고찰을 시도했다. 1870년경을전후한 영국의 사회경제적 상황변화와 함께 당시 지배담론이었던 개인주의 빈곤관이 겪은 변화과정을 1905년의 왕립구빈법위원회의 보고서를 통해 추적해보았다. 1832년 이후 70여년 만에 구성된 새로운 왕립구빈법위원회는 빈곤에 관한 상반된 두 가지 견해를 표명한 선언문을 제시했는데, 소수파 보고서는 구조주의 관점에서 공공부조 체제의 확립을 시도하였다. 즉 실업은 개인이 통제할 수 있는 영역을 넘어선 사회문제이므로, 실업으로 인한 빈곤을 단순히 개인적 결함으로 돌리지않는 입장을 취했다. 당대 빈곤연구자들 또한 빈곤의 원인을 나태와 의지박약으로 빈민들 스스로 자초한 것으로 설명하는 지배적인 견해를 부정하려는 의도가 없었음에도 불구하고, 그들의 실태조사는 빈곤의 원인이 개인의 탓이 아니라는 인식으로의 전환에 기여하였다. 과거 산업자본주의에서는 노동능력의 여부에 따라 빈곤을 구제할 가치가 있는 빈민과 그렇지 않은 빈민으로 구분하였다면, 노동이 아닌 소비가 사회통제와 보상체계의 핵심원리로 작용하는 현대 소비자본주의에서 빈곤은 소비능력의 결함을 의미한다. 따라서 소비자본주의에서 노동윤리는 더 이상유효하지 않음에도 불구하고 빈곤층에게는 여전히 생존을 위해서는 거부할 수 없는 강제력으로 작용하고 있는 현실상황을 타개하기 위해서는 새로운 형태의 빈곤담론이 모색되어야 한다.
Abstract
This article examines two paradigms of poverty, individualistic and structural based in the history of thought since 1870s. It analyzes the influence that changing socio-economic times had on the individualism of poverty which was background of the 1905 Royal Commission on the Poor Law Majority Report. The minority report, on the contrary, expressed a new manifestation that, as a major cause of poverty, high unemployment rate was beyond individual control, and a new public assistance scheme was needed. Moreover, investigators of poverty of that time, such as Mayhew, Booth and Rowntree, contributed to the growth of recognition that poverty was not caused by individual character. It was regarded as a pathbreaking paradigm shift in the formation of poverty discourses by many at the time. Today, we live in the world of consumer capitalism where individual consumption replaces work performance and ethics as rules of social control and remuneration. As Zygmunt Bauman has put it, the present day economy does not need a massive labour force and obedience to the social discipline secured, through the seductions of commodities or through the panoptical institutions. Rather, it is inaccessibility of consumer lifestyle in which the consumer society trains its members to experience as the most painful of deprivation.
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