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외국인계절근로자제도에서 계절이주노동자의 선택과 적응의 이해 -베트남 계절이주노동자의 열망(aspirations)과 역량(capabilities)의 관점에서-

Understanding migrant workers' choices and adaptation in the foreign seasonal worker system -In terms of the aspirations and capabilities of seasonal migrant workers in Vietnam-

윤희만
사회과학연구소 (Institute of Social Sciences SOGANG UNIVERSITY)|2024.11|지역과 세계 (Locality and Globality: International Journal of Social Sciences)|제48권 제4호|pp. 61-88|DOI 10.33071/ssricb.48.4.202411.61

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적응Adaptation이탈Departure외국인계절근로자제도계절이주노동베트남이주노동자Foreign seasonal worker systemSeasonal migrant workerVietnamese migrant workers
주제분류기타사회과학

초록

이 논문은 계절이주노동자들이 한국에서 열악한 농업노동환경을 감수하면서 지속적으로 계절이주노동에 참여하는 배경이 무엇인지 계절이주노동자의 행위자성을 중심으로 분석한 연구이다. 이 연구의 계절이주노동자들은 한국과 베트남의 임금격차 이외에 노동력의 필요 시기가 다른 베트남과 한국 농업의 특징을 활용하는계절순환이주노동을 할 수 있기 때문에 외국인계절근로자제도를 선택하였다. 그리고 계절순환이주노동을 통해 수익을 극대화하려는 이유에는 빈곤 탈출뿐만 아니라, 출신국인 베트남의 발전 속도를 따라 잡기 위한 열망이 있었다. 이런 점에서 이들의 이주노동의 선택은 더 나은 삶을 위한 ‘능동적인 선택 행위’라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 연구참여자들은 한국에서 열악한 노동환경이나 여타 위험으로부터 자신들을 보호할 수 있는 역량까지 갖추고 있는 것은 아니었다. 그래서 감당하기 힘든 노동강도, 열악한 주거환경, 농장주의 고압적인 태도로 인해 자신들이 위험에 처하면 계절이주노동을 중단할 결심을 하고 있었다. 그리고 이탈을 감행하는 경우도 있었다. 이 연구 결과는 농업부문 저숙련이주노동에서도 더 나은 삶을 위해 이주노동을 활용하는 전략적선택 행위가 존재하며, 이 제도의 지속가능성 관점에서 계절이주노동자의 이탈을 통제하는 것보다 이들이 안정적으로 한국의 사회경제적 환경에 적응하는 지원책을 마련하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Abstract

This paper explores the reasons why seasonal migrant workers continue to engage in agricultural labor in Korea despite facing challenging conditions, with a focus on their agency . In addition to the wage gap between Korea and Vietnam, the seasonal migrant workers in this study opted for the foreign seasonal worker program, because it aligns with the cyclical nature of agricultural labor in both countries. Their pursuit of higher earnings was not solely motivated by poverty alleviation; it was also driven by a desire to keep pace with development in Vietnam. Thus, their behavior is characterized as an “active choice.” However, they often lacked the means to fully protect themselves from exploitative conditions in Korea, leading some to exit or return to their home country. The findings of this study suggest that even low-skilled agricultural workers make strategic choices in their migrant work. Therefore, programmes for the adaptation of foreign seasonal workers into Korean society should be designed taking into account the specificity of their strategic choices.

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