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전 세계적인 민사배심재판의 쇠퇴, 민사증거법상 전문증거배제법칙의 변화와 우리에의 시사점

Decline of civil jury trial and changes in hearsay rule of civil evidence acts across the world

홍대운|이주연
법학연구소 (The Institute of Legal Studies Konkuk University)|2014.05|법학연구|제55권 제2호|pp. 31-63

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참고문헌

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한국Korea미국evidencecommon lawcivil lawhearsay증거법전문증거배제법칙civil jury trial민사배심재판보통법계 국가

초록

근래 민사배심재판이 여러 법원에서 시범적으로 실시되는 등 민사배심재판을 도입하려는 법원의 계획이 점차 가시화되고 있다. 그렇지만 배심재판은 전 세계적으로 보아도 결코 일반적인 제도라고는 할 수 없으며 특히 민사배심재판은 사실상 보통법계 국가들에 한정된 제도일 뿐 아니라, 미국을 제외하면 영국 등 오래전부터 배심재판을 실시해 온 여러 보통법계 국가들에서조차 이미 거의 사문화된 상태이다. 또한 배심재판과 떼어놓고는 생각할 수 없는 증거법의 영역에서도 민사배심재판의 쇠퇴로 인한 변화는 명확해 보인다. 예컨대 민사절차의 경우 배심원들이 법정에서 사라지면서 전문증거배제법칙을 적용할 필요가 없게 되어 전문증거배제규정이 축소되거나 폐지되는 등 민사증거법이 크게 축소되어가고 있는 것이 근래의 추세이다. 그러나 우리 법원의 계획대로 전 세계적인 추세를 거슬러 민사배심재판을 새롭게 도입하려면 역시 세계적인 추세와는 정반대로 민사증거법을 상당히 확충해야 할 것이며, 그럴 경우 우리 민사절차에서 증거능력 등에 별다른 제한을 두지 않고 자유롭게 증거를 수집하고 사용해온 것에 비추어볼 때 엄격한 민사증거법을 실무에서 정착시키려면 상당히 많은 문제가 발생할 것으로 예상되므로 이에 대한 신중한 논의가 필요하다고 판단된다.

Abstract

Jury trial system is not universally adopted across the world. It is generally confined to common law countries, while a handful of civil law countries that were influenced by the UK and US have introduced jury trial system in criminal procedure. Civil jury, as opposed to criminal jury, is almost non-existent in civil law countries. As shown by the experiences of many common law countries, jury trial system cannot be separated from a sophisticated evidence law including hearsay rule. Such rules were designed to filter illegitimate evidences before they are presented to jurors who can be improperly influenced by such evidences, unlike professional judges. As civil jury trial greatly diminished, civil evidence rules–represented by hearsay rule - have either been abolished or undergone significant changes in most common law countries. Korea, traditionally classified as a civil law country, adopted criminal jury trial system in 2008 and the Korean Supreme Court is presently considering introducing civil jury trial. Korea is an ‘emerging star’ in the field of jury trial across the world. Introducing jury trial, however, goes beyond just replacing a part of judges’ role with that of juries. It requires introducing many systems that are unique in common law countries such as evidence law, lengthy discovery, plea bargain, and so on. In other words, jury trial system can bring a significant change in the existing legal system of Korea. But Korea still has a relatively disorganized evidence law. For example, Korean civil procedure law does not have any provisions on hearsay rule. Without a significant level of changes in the existing legal system, transplanting US-style civil jury trial will cause a serious confusion. As such, it is indispensible to carefully scrutinize civil jury trial and civil evidence rules across the world before introducing civil jury trial system, in order to find how to address its possible complications.

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