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동유럽(CEE) 국가의 사회적 배제 현상과 복지체제에 관한 연구

A Study of the Welfare System of Central and Eastern European Countries

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이 논문은 국가사회주의 체제에서 시장자본주의 체제로의 이행을 경험하고 있는 동유럽(CEE)의 사회적 배제 현황을 파악하고 이의 대응형태인 복지체제의 성격을 설명할 목적으로 작성되었다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해서 제2장에서는 비교정책의 틀로서 주목을 받고 있는 에스핑 안데르센(G. Esping-Andersen)의 복지레짐론을 기본 틀로 하여 동유럽 복지레짐의 가능성에 대해서 논의한다. 이어 제3장에서는 최근 유럽연합에서 개발한 사회배제 지표를 기준으로 각 복지레짐별 대표적인 국가와 동유럽 국가의 사회적 배제 현황을 비교한다. 같은 맥락에서 제4장에서는 동유럽 국가와 각 레짐별로 대표적인 국가의 복지수준을 비교분석함으로써, 동유럽 국가의 복지체제의 성격을 설명하고자 하였다. 결론적으로, 동유럽 국가의 사회적 배제 지표는 서구 선진 복지국가와 비교하여 낮지 않을 뿐만 아니라, 특정 부문(특히 교육부문)에서는 양적인 차원에서 앞서 있어서 비록 명시적이지는 않지만 사회주의의 유산 아직 사회제도에 남아있다고 해석할 수 있다. 하지만 이들 국가의 복지의 전반적인 수준은 서구 복지국가와 비교하여 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라, 독자적인 새로운 형태의 복지체제를 형성하지 못한 미성숙 복지국가의 성격을 가지고 있다고 해석할 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper purports to examine the nature of welfare systems of Central and Eastern European (CEE, hereafter) countries. For this purpose, chapter 2 examines ‘welfare regime’ (Esping-Andersen, 1990) and probes into if it applies to CEE countries. Then, chapter 3 compares current situations of social exclusion of CEE countries with those of the advanced Western welfare states, using social exclusion indicators developed by the Social Exclusion Unit, EU. Subsequently, chapter 4 analyses and compares welfare efforts (social expenditures, decommodified security ratio, and social security receipts) of CEE countries and Western Europe. Chapter 5 duly concludes that original idea of CEE welfare regime is not fully supported in that welfare efforts of CEE countries lag far behind those of Western welfare states. However, it should be noted that CEE countries may have kept some legacy of socialism because some social exclusion indicators (notably, education indicators) are superior to those of Western welfare states. Probably, further studies on this subject are necessary for the more precise analysis.

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