동유럽의 복지국가 개혁에 관한 연구
A Study on welfare state reform in Central and Eastern Europe
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동유럽 국가들의 복지국가 개혁은 세계화와 유럽화라는 외부적 역동성과 각국 내부의 사회적 관계라는 두 개의 큰 압력 속에서 진행되었다. 심각한 재정위기를 타개하기 위한 소련식 복지국가의 개혁은 많은 나라에서 1990년대 중반 집권한 ‘좌파’정권에 의해 추진되었다. 이 글에서 논의된 동유럽 복지국가 개혁의 특징을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인의 소득과 사회보장 급여 사이에 부재했던 연관성이 수립됨으로써 능동적 시민의 복원을 통한 소련식 체제의 전환이 가능하게 하였다. 둘째, 동유럽의 개혁은 그 채택과정이 대체로 불분명하고 나아가‘비민주적’이었음에도 불구하고 폭넓은 사회적 합의의 기반위에 수립되었다고 볼 수 있다. 즉, 개혁의 결과는 구 시대의 균형을 대표하는 이익 그룹들과 국가행정기관 대표들과 연결되어 있는 초국가적인 공동체(인식공동체)들 간의 갈등의 산물이라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 세계화와 유럽화의 영향과 제약에도 불구하고 대부분의 나라에서 개혁들이 각 국가의 전통 내에서 이루어졌으며 구 시대의 보편적 보장을 대체로 유지하였다. 또한 개혁과정에서 국제기구과 EU를 매개로 가해진 강제조건들에 적응하는데 있어서 각 국가의 고유한 체제전환 경로가 결정적인 요인으로 작용하였으며 이것이 국가들 간 정책의 다양성을 가져왔다. 넷째, 따라서 새로운 체제의 형성에 어떤 특정한 모델도 결정적인 역할을 하지 않았다. 대부분의 나라에서 사회정책의 연속성과 중요한 혁신이 결합하여 매우 다양한 복지체제 유형들이 형성되었다. 그러나 이는‘동유럽 식 모델’의 수립을 의미하는 것은 아니었으며 기존의 다양한 모델들이 더 풍부한 변형을 갖게 된 것으로 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
In east european countries, welfare state reforms has been conducted around the external dynamics of globalization and europeanization as well as in the pressure of internal social relations. The reform of soviet type of 'social state' which aims for combating serious financial crisis has been carried in many countries by the 'left' which came to power in the mid-1990s. East European welfare state reforms discussed in this article have the features as follows:First, the relationship established between personal income and Social Security benefits allowed the renewal of active citizenship of east european people and the change of the soviet type of society. Second, despite the reform process was largely unclear and further 'undemocratic,' east european new welfare system reflets the broad social consensus. In other words, the result of reforms represents the balance between the national interest groups and the transnational community representatives ('epistemic community). Third, despite the restrictions and influences from globalization and europeanization in most countries, reforms took place within the traditions of each country, and universal guarantee of communist era was largely maintained. Fourth, as result any particular model did not play a crucial role in the formation of a new system, In most countries, the continuity of social policy coupled with important renovation made a wide variety of types of welfare system. However, it does not mean the creation of the 'East European model.' In Eastern Europe existing models of welfare system have now richer variants.
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