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탈사회주의 이후 헝가리공무원 인사제도 개혁에 관한 연구

Reform of Civil Service System in Hungary After Socialism

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본 연구의 목적은 탈사회주의 이후 헝가리 공무원 인사제도의 개혁 과정을 분석하고그 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 이를 위해 우선 공무원 인사제도 개혁에 관한 이론적 검토를 하고 역사적으로 헝가리 공무원 인사제도의 변화 과정을 살펴보았다. 이후 헝가리공무원 인사제도의 현황과 주요 쟁점을 분석한 후 이에 대한 평가와 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구 결과 헝가리 공무원 인사제도 개혁은 사회주의식 관료제 개혁을 위한 핵심과제임에도 불구하고 대체행정엘리트집단의 부재와 새로운 민주정치세력의 정치적 이해관계에 의해 파행적인 개혁 과정을 거쳤으며, 특히 EU 가입 이후부터 현재까지는 오히려후퇴하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 헝가리 공무원 인사제도 개혁의 시사점으로는 첫째, 정치민주화보다 국가 관료제 개혁이 더욱 어려운 체제전환 과제라는 점, 둘째, 새로운 민주 정치세력 간의 치열한 경쟁구조는 공무원의 정치화를 심화시켜 실적주의에 입각한 공무원 인사제도의 운영을 저해하는 요인으로 작용한 점, 셋째, 체제전환기 재정부담의 가중으로 공무원의 처우를 향상시키지 못함에 따라 공공영역과 민간영역 간의 보수 차이가심화되어 성공적인 체제전환에 필요한 유능한 인재를 공무원으로 확보하기 어렵다는 점등이다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 헝가리가 비록 외형적으로는 탈사회주의를 추진하였지만 내용적이고 실제적으로 탈사회주의를 완성할 수 있는가에 대해서는 좀 더 관찰해야 된다는 점을 알 수 있었다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the reform process of civil service system in Hungary after socialism and to find some of lessons from Hungary’s experience. For the purpose, the study at first considered the theoretical basis on the civil service system and its reform in post-communist transition, and also reviewed the historical development road of Hungarian civil service system. In order to evaluate the reform of civil service system and to derive lessons from it, the study then analyized the status of Hungarian civil service system and some of important issues in its reform process. As a research result, while the reform of civil service system is a crucial task to reform socialist state bureaucracy, the reform of civil service system in Hungary has been under a bumpy road to the consolidation of the merit system and to the professionalization of civil service because of absence of alternative administrative elites and of political interest conflicts among new democratic ruling groups. Its reform has shown regressive trend after getting membership of EU. The lessons from the Hungary’s experiences of civil service reform are these, (1) the reform of state bureaucracy is more abstruse rather than political democratization, (2) The overheated political struggles among new democratic groups become a chief cause for politicization of civil service and disturbing the operating of merit system, (3) Because of the remuneration gap between public sector and private sector, while the financial burden of government has been increasing for transition, it is difficult to secure competent persons in public sector through of the improvement of remuneration of civil service. The study concluded that the substantial de-socialism of Hungary should be more observed even if the formal de-socialism has been introduced since 1990.

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