포스트포퓰리스트 정당 포데모스(PODEMOS): 대중 카리스마를 가진 다원주의적 대의 정치 정당
PODEMOS as a Post-populist Party: The Pluralist Representative Party with Popular Charisma
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이 글은 ‘사회를 인민과 엘리트의 적대 구도로 파악한다’는 사회관과 ‘정치는 엘리트에 대항해 인민을 가능한 한 직접적으로 대변해야 한다’는 정치관으로 포퓰리즘 개념을 파악하며, 그 변하는 속성에 따라 역사적 유형을 구분하고 포데모스를 분석했다. 사회관과 정치관이 이 정의에 부합한다는 점에서 포데모스는 포퓰리스트 정당이며, 좌파 성격을 띠지만 사회를 계급 구도로 보지는 않는다는 점에서 포퓰리스트 좌파가 아니라 좌파 포퓰리스트다. 또한 대의 정치를 수용하고 인민을 다양한 사회 문제에서 소외된 개인들의 다원적 공동체로 파악한다는 점에서 포스트포퓰리스트다. 포데모스는 인민과 엘리트의 대립 구도라는 사회관을 유럽과 세계로 확대하고 개인주의적 다원주의 인민관을 수용함으로써 포퓰리즘이 반유럽적, 제노포비아적, 배타적, 다수자 중심적 집단주의라는 인식을 바꿨다. 반면 대중 카리스마적 피라미드 조직의 경직성을 벗어나는 데에는 한계가 있어 ‘대의 정치의 공동 정치화’ 구상이 실현되는 것은 시기상조로 보인다.
Abstract
This article defined populism with the view of society and politics: the view of society that society is the antagonistic structure between the people and the elite and the view of politics that politics must represent the people as directly as possible against the elite. According to this definition of populism and the changes of its properties, I classified the historical types of populism and analyzed the Podemos. The Podemos is a populist party in the sense that it meets the requirements of the view of society and politics, and it is not a populist left but a leftist populist in that it does not view society as a class structure. And it is also a post-populist in that it accepts representative politics and views the people as a pluralist community of individuals who are marginalized from various social problems. By expanding the populist view of society to Europe and the world and through the individualistic pluralist view of the people, the Podemos changed the perception that populism was anti-European, xenophobic, exclusive, and majority-centered collectivist. On the other hand, there is a limit to escaping from the rigidity of the mass charismatic pyramid scheme, so it seems premature to realize the idea of ‘the commoning of representative politics’.
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