공감은 국민건강보험에 대한 세대 간 태도 차이를 매개하는가?
Does Empathy Mediate Consumer Attitude Toward the National Health Insurance of Korea?
0
조회
0
다운로드
11
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 현재 우리 사회에 가시화되고 있는 분야별 세대 갈등의 해결방안을 모색하기 위한 기초적 연구로서 재정 부담과 수혜의 측면에서 세대 간 이해차이가 뚜렷한 국민건강보험에서의 세대 간 태도 차이를 파악하고, 공감의 친사회적 효과 및 갈등해소 효과에 주목하여 세대 갈등을 해소하는 공감의 역할을 탐색하고자 하였다. 전국의 성인을 대상으로 설문 조사하여 출생연도를 기준으로 세대를 구분하여 분석한 결과, 공감의 정서적 측면인 공감적 관심도는 연령이 증가함에 따라 높아졌고 건강보험에 대해서는 모든 세대에서 세대 간 소득 재분배가 적정하지 않고 후속 세대의 부담이 크다고 보는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 모든 세대에서 국민건강보험이 노후에 도움이 된다는 인식을 가지고 있으나 정도에 차이가 있었는데 대체적으로 연령이 높아질수록 국민건강보험이 본인 및 현재 노인 세대, 후속 세대의 노후에 도움이 된다고 보는 인식이 강했다. 관련 요인들을 통제한 후에도 공감 수준에 대한 세대 효과는 유의하였다. 또한 건강보험에 대한 각각의 태도와 관련된 기타 요인들을 통제한 후에도 건강보험에 대한 세대 간 태도 차이는 여전히 존재하고 공감 수준이 높아질수록 국민건강보험에 대한 태도도 긍정적이었다. 연령과 태도 간의 공감의 매개효과를 살펴본 결과 정서적 공감이 연령과 국민건강보험에 대한 하위태도 중 일부를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로 세대 갈등을 완화하는데 다른 세대에 대한 신뢰와 공감이 주요한 역할을 담당할 것이라는 것을 유추할 수 있으며, 사회 통합을 위한 방안 마련에 시사점을 제공한다.
Abstract
This paper studies the attitudes of different generations toward the National Health Insurance of Korea(NHI). We focus on empathy and explore whether empathy reduces the generation gap in attitudes toward the NHI. Because of the aging of the population, spending on the NHI is expected to increase. In 2012, NHI spending on those above 65 years old was 34.4% of total NHI spending, while average monthly spending for this age group was 3.2 times more than the average NHI beneficiary. As the elderly are receiving a disproportionately large amount of the benefits, more burden is imposed on younger generations, which can result in the younger generations having an unfavorable attitude toward the NHI spending. As empathy generates positive attitude toward others, it can potentially also resolve conflicts. We seek to find out whether the level of empathy matters on the attitude towards the NHI. If attitudes toward the NHI are different by generations, we hypothesize that empathy may affect the difference in the attitude towards the NHI. We survey 910 adults aged between 20 to 65 living in five major cities in Korea. We classify respondents into five cohorts based on their birth years. The Korean baby-boomers are currently in their 50s. The cohort older than the baby-boomers in our data are in their 60s and experienced the Korean war. The younger cohorts are in their 40s, 30s, and 20s, respectively. All the cohorts are unique in terms of characteristics and their social experiences. We measure empathy using Davis(1980)’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Attitudes toward the NHI are measured by the following questions on five-point Likert scales, to which the participants are asked to respond: 1) Do you think the younger generations bear more burden that older generations in contributing towards the NHI, 2) Do you think the NHI will be helpful when you are old, 3) Do you think the NHI is helpful currently to old people, 4) Do you think the NHI will be helpful for those in their 20s and below when they become old. All the cohorts view that the NHI imposes more burden on the younger generations. As people become older, they are more likely to agree that the NHI is helpful for themselves and all generations. Even after controlling for other factors, the difference in attitudes among cohorts still remains with older people viewing the NHI as helpful to themselves and all generations. The level of empathic concern, an emotional aspect of empathy, becomes higher as age increases. Even after controlling for other related factors on empathy, older people are more empathetic than younger people. More people in their 60s and 20s view old people as trustworthy. Empathy has a positive effect on attitudes toward the NHI, even after controlling for the cohorts and other factors. Most importantly, empathic concern partially mediates the relationship between age and attitude. That is, as one becomes older, the relationship between empathic concern and positive attitude towards the NHI becomes stronger. Based on our results, we conclude that the difference in attitudes toward the NHI is affected by age-based cohort effect. Our results imply that empathy mediates generational conflict between the older and younger generations in their attitude towards the NHI, and that we should consider promoting intergenerational empathy to resolve intergenerational conflicts.
참고문헌 (87)
- 2012 건강보험주요통계, "국민건강보험공단", 국민건강보험공단, ~ (2013)
- 김미현, "공감과 청소년의 대인관계성향에 관한 연구", 석사, 상담심리, pp.2003
- 김사현, "개인의 주관적 인식이 복지제도의 보편성에 대한 선호에 미치는 효과: 도구변수를 활용한 접근법", 사회복지연구, 41(3), pp.213~239 (2010), 한국사회복지연구회
- 김윤태, "한국의 복지태도와 복지제도: 개별 복지제도에 대한 경제활동인구의 태도", 동향과 전망, (90), pp.331~378 (2014), 한국사회과학연구회
- 문형표, "국민연금개혁의 배경 및 과제", ITBI Review, 9(2), pp.103~121 (2003)
- 류만희, "복지정책에 대한 지지도 연구: 복지의식, 계층, 자기이해(self-interest)의 영향을 중심으로", 한국정책과학학회보, 13(1), pp.191~210 (2009), 한국정책과학학회
- 박길성, "아산재단연구총서 192집" (2005), 집문당
- 박성희, "공감과 친사회행동" (1997), 문음사
- 베이비붐 세대의 현황 및 은퇴효과 분석, "박시내", 통계개발원, ~ (2010)
- 백화종, "국민연금제도에 대한 신뢰의 특성과 결정요인", 사회보장연구, 25(4), pp.161~186 (2009), 한국사회보장학회
- 박재흥, "한국사회의 세대구성", 문학과 사회, 18(3), pp.172~186 (2005)
- 박재흥, "세대명칭과 세대갈등 담론에 대한 비판적 검토", 경제와 사회, 81(81), pp.10~34 (2009), 비판사회학회
- 박재근, "사회보장정책 수용성의 영향요인: 노후소득보장제도에 대한 미래세대의 태도를 중심으로", 정책분석평가학회보, 22(4), pp.317~344 (2012), 한국정책분석평가학회
- 박종연, "국민의 겅강보험 인식과 만족에 대한 조사방법의 개발", 보건과 사회과학, 22(22), pp.97~126 (2007), 한국보건사회학회
- 박지언, "청소년의 불안정 애착과 문제행동: 공감능력의 조절역할", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(2), pp.369~389 (2008), 한국상담심리학회
- 배정은, "원만성이 용서 동기에 미치는 영향: 인지적 공감과 정서적 공감의 매개 과정", 상담학연구, 11(1), pp.111~123 (2010), 한국상담학회
- 서남규, "국민건강보험제도 태도 결정요인에 관한 연구 - 개인과 가구의 보건의료 서비스 필요도, 의료보장정책에 대한 인식 및 민간의료보험 가입여부를 중심으로 -", 보건과 사회과학, 27(27), pp.167~184 (2010), 한국보건사회학회
- 서수라, "2008년 건강보험제도 국민만족도 조사", 건강보장정책, 8(1), pp.66~85 (2009)
- 신자은, "건강보험제도 만족도 결정요인에 관한 연구", 보건경제와 정책연구, 15(2), pp.21~45 (2009), 한국보건경제정책학회
- 안종범, "국민연금제도 개혁의 정치경제학", 응용경제, 7(2), pp.87~110 (2005), 한국응용경제학회
- 안상훈, "한국의 친복지태도 결정요인과 그 경로구조에 관한 탐색적 연구", 한국사회정책, 16(1), pp.163~192 (2009), 한국사회정책학회
- 엠브레인, "세대갈등 및 공동체 의식에 대한 조사" (2012), 엠브레인트렌드모니터
- 이상록, "한국사회에서의 세대와 복지태도 - 세대간 복지태도 차이 및 세대 영향의 분석 -", 사회과학연구, 29(3), pp.433~458 (2013), 사회과학연구소
- 이세진, "라이프스타일 유형에 따른 소비성향 연구:현재의 X세대를 중심으로", 사회과학연구, 23(1), pp.83~112 (2010)
- 이주혜, "성인애착과 대인관계능력 관계에서 공감의 매개효과", 상담학연구, 15(2), pp.579~594 (2014), 한국상담학회
- 이중섭, "한국인의 복지의식에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구", 사회복지정책, 36(4), pp.73~99 (2009), 한국사회복지정책학회
- 이훈희, "한국의 복지태도와 건강보험 인식의 결정요인", 사회보장연구, 27(2), pp.1~25 (2011), 한국사회보장학회
- 조효진, "공감능력과 이타행동", 상담학연구, 7(1), pp.1~9 (2006), 한국상담학회
- 주은선, "한국의 복지인식 지형 - 계층, 복지수요, 공공복지 수급경험의 영향을 중심으로 -", 사회복지연구, (34), pp.203~225 (2007), 한국사회복지연구회
- 허순임, "건강보험 관련 복지인식", 한국보건사회연구원 보건복지포럼, pp.32~42 (2008)
- Andress, H., "Four Worlds of Welfare State Attitudes : A Comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States", European Sociological Review, 17(4), pp.337~356 (2001)
- Andreychik, M. R., "Do negative implicit associations indicate negative attitudes? Social explanations moderate whether ostensible"negative"associations are prejudice-based or empathy-based", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), pp.1082~1093 (2012)
- Arts, W., "Welfare States, Solidarity and Justice Principles", Acta Sociologica, 44, pp.283~299 (2001)
- Baron, R. M., "TheModerator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research : Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), pp.1173~1182 (1986)
- Batson, C. D., "Advances in experimental social psychology", pp.65~122 (1987), Academic Press
- Batson, C. D., "How social an animal? The human capacity for caring", American Psychologist, 45, pp.336~346 (1990)
- Batson, C. D., "Empathy and attitudes : Can feeling for amember of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), pp.105~118 (1997)
- Batson, C. D., "Using empathy to improve intergroup attitudes and relations", Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), pp.141~177 (2009)
- Blekesaune, M., "Public attitudes towards welfare state policies", European Sociological Review, 19(5), pp.415~427 (2003)
- Blekesaune, M., "Economic Conditions and Public Attitudes to Welfare Principles", Acta Sociologica, 44, pp.283~299 (2007)
- Bramlett, B. H., "The unique political attitudes and behaviors of individuals in aged communities", Ph.D, pp.2012
- Busemeyer, M., "Attitudes towards Redistributive Spending in an Era of Demographic Ageing", Journal of European Social Policy, 19(3), pp.195~212 (2009)
- Carstensen, L. L., "Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life", Motivation and Emotion, 27, pp.103~123 (2003)
- Charles, S. T., "Viewing injustice : Greater emotion heterogeneity with age", Psychology and Aging, 20, pp.159~164 (2005)
- Coke, J. S., "Empathic mediation of helping : A two-stage model", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, pp.752~766 (1978)
- Davis, M. H., "A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy", JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, pp.85~ (1980)
- Davis, M. H., "Empathy : A social psychological approach" (1994), Westview Press
- Eisenberg, N., "The relation between empathy and altruism : Conceptual and methodological issues", Academic Psychology Bulletin, 5, pp.195~208 (1983)
- Eisenberg, N., "The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors", Psychological Bulletin, 101, pp.91~119 (1987)
- Eisenberg, N., "Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior : A multimethod study", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, pp.55~66 (1989)
- Eisenberg, N., "The relations of emotionality and regulation to children’s anger-related reactions", Child Development, 65, pp.109~128 (1994)
- Eisenberg, N., "Well-being: Positive development across the life course", pp.253~265 (2003), Erlbaum
- Erikson, E. H., "The life cycle completed : A review" (1982), Norton
- Feldman, S., "The Humanitarian Foundation of Public Support for Social Welfare", American Journal of Political Science, 45(3), pp.658~677 (2001)
- Fisher, B. J., "Successful aging, life satisfaction, and generativity in later life", International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 41, pp.239~250 (1995)
- Fraile, M., "Explaining the Determinants of Public Support for Cuts in Unemployment Benefits Spending across OECD Countries", International Sociology, 20(4), pp.459~481 (2005)
- Free, L., "The Political Beliefs of Americans : A Study of Public Opinion" (1968), Simon and Shuster
- Galinsky, A. D., "Perspective-taking : Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and ingroup favoritism", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), pp.708~724 (2000)
- Gelissen, J., "Popular Support for Institutionalized Solidarity : a Comparison between European Welfare States", International Journal of Social Welfare, 9(4), pp.285~300 (2000)
- Goerres, A., "Demands for welfare state provisions by a powerful generation: Comparing British and German baby-boomers", Paper prepared for delivery at the 2007 Bi-annual Conference of the European Consortium of Political Research (2007)
- Goerres, A., "Age-based selfinterest, intergenerational solidarity and the welfare state : a comparative analysis of older people's attitudes towards public childcare in 12 OECD countries", European Journal of Political Research, 49, pp.818~851 (2010)
- Gruhn, D., "Empathy Across the Adult Lifespan : Longitudinal and Experience-Sampling Findings", Emotion, 8(6), pp.753~765 (2008)
- Hansenfeld, Y., "The Determinants of Public Attitudes Toward the Welfare State", Social Forces, 67(4), pp.1027~1048 (1989)
- Janoski, T., "Being Volunteered? The Impact of Social Participation and Pro-Social Attitudes on Volunteering", Sociological Forum, 13(3), pp.495~519 (1998)
- Kanov, J. M., "Compassion in Organizational Life", American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), pp.808~827 (2004)
- Kliegel, M., "Emotional development across adulthood : Differential age-related emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in a negative mood induction procedure", The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64, pp.217~244 (2007)
- Krebs, D., "Empathy and altruism", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, pp.1134~1146 (1975)
- Kunzmann, U., "Age differences in emotional reactivity : The sample case of sadness", Psychology and Aging, 20, pp.47~59 (2005)
- Labouvie-Vief, G., "Aging and Cognition:Research Methodologies and Empirical Advances" (2009), American Psychological Association
- Labouvie-Vief, G., "Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development", pp.237~272 (2004), Erlbaum
- Linos, K., "Self-interest, Social Beliefs, and Attitudes to Redistribution", European Sociological Review, 19(4), pp.393~409 (2003)
- Mannheim, K., "The Problem of Generations"in K. Mannheim", pp.276~320 (1928), Oxford University Press
- McCall, L., "Americans'Social Policy Preferences in the Era of Rising Inequality", Perspectives on Politics, 7, pp.459~ (2009)
- McClosky, H., "The American Ethos : Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy" (1987), Harvard University Press
- Plutzer, E., "The graying of America and support for funding of the nation's schools", Public Opinion Quarterly, 69, pp.66~86 (2005)
- "Politics and the Age Gap" (2009)[URL]
- Nicol, A. A., "Alienation and empathy as mediators of the relation between Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and expressions of racism and sexism", Personality and Individual Differences, 55(3), pp.294~299 (2013)
- Ratsso, J., "Grey power and public budgets. Family altruism helps children, but not the elderly", European Journal of Political Economy, 26, pp.222~234 (2010)
- Shih, M., "Perspective taking : Reducing prejudice towards general outgroups and specific individuals", Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12(5), pp.565~577 (2009)
- Sorensen, R. J., "Does Aging affect preferences for welfare spending? A study of peoples’ spending preferences in 22 countries, 1985-2006", European Journal of Political Economy, 29, pp.259~271 (2013)
- Smith, A., "Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution", The Psychological Record, 56, pp.3~21 (2006)
- Stocks, E. L., "Altruism or psychological escape : Why does empathy promote prosocial behavior?", European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, pp.649~665 (2009)
- Svalfors, S., "Welfare Regimes and Welfare Opinions : A Comparison of Eight Western Countries", Social Indicators Research, 64(3), pp.495~520 (2003)
- Sze, J. A., "Greater Emotional Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in Late Life", Emotion, 12(5), pp.1129~1140 (2012)
- Toi, M., "More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, pp.281~292 (1982)
- Underwood, B., "Perspective-Taking and Altruism", Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), pp.143~173 (1982)
- Vaillant, G. E., "Aging well" (2003), Little, Brown and Company
