1930년대 ‘민주와 독재’ 논쟁을 통해 본후스(胡適)의 정치사상
Hu Shi’s Political Thoughts Viewed through ‘The Debate about Democracy and Autocracy’ in the 1930s
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In the 1930s, many western countries established ‘emergencygovernments’ to overcome the aftereffects of the Great Depression. Under the rule of the autocratic governments, Germany, Italy, andSoviet Union overcame the crisis successfully, and this left deepimpression on the liberal intellectuals in China. These liberalintellectuals have been advocating the values of democracy andconstitutionalism, but to solve the realistic problems, theysuggested the Chinese government to establish autocraticgovernment, and this triggered ‘the debate about democracy andautocracy.’ Hu Shi, an active participant of this debate, consistentlyadhered to the idea of popular sovereignty, democracy, andconstitutionalism. What was the mainstay of his thoughts whenChina was facing great crisis? His belief came from two latentfactors in the western democratic ideas: objective views as demonstrated through scientific studies, and ‘the popularsovereignty’ theory based on divine authority. The former is related to Hu Shi's pragmatic approach toproblems, but the latter, Hu Shi was not aware of. These scientificand religious factors of the democratic ideas acquired theuniversality that is effective in every period and place. This is whyHu had such solid belief in democracy and constitutionalism evenin the times of war and economic crisis. Hu's notion of‘kindergarten democracy’ was criticized that it has logical faults,however, his intention behind emphasizing the importance of publicparticipation in politics is worth noticing. In the midst of thenational crisis, most Chinese intellectuals continued to advocate ‘forthe people’ politics while Hu argued for the necessity of ‘by thepeople’ politics. Unlike his political arguments, Hu favored elitismand thus failed to gain support of the general public. Furthermore,he did not realize the danger of racism, which began with theideas of the Enlightenment. But he endeavored to spreaddemocracy, which brought many possibilities of communication anddevelopment. His contribution is significant, and will beremembered in the history of the Chinese modern ideas.
Abstract
In the 1930s, many western countries established ‘emergencygovernments’ to overcome the aftereffects of the Great Depression. Under the rule of the autocratic governments, Germany, Italy, andSoviet Union overcame the crisis successfully, and this left deepimpression on the liberal intellectuals in China. These liberalintellectuals have been advocating the values of democracy andconstitutionalism, but to solve the realistic problems, theysuggested the Chinese government to establish autocraticgovernment, and this triggered ‘the debate about democracy andautocracy.’ Hu Shi, an active participant of this debate, consistentlyadhered to the idea of popular sovereignty, democracy, andconstitutionalism. What was the mainstay of his thoughts whenChina was facing great crisis? His belief came from two latentfactors in the western democratic ideas: objective views as demonstrated through scientific studies, and ‘the popularsovereignty’ theory based on divine authority. The former is related to Hu Shi's pragmatic approach toproblems, but the latter, Hu Shi was not aware of. These scientificand religious factors of the democratic ideas acquired theuniversality that is effective in every period and place. This is whyHu had such solid belief in democracy and constitutionalism evenin the times of war and economic crisis. Hu's notion of‘kindergarten democracy’ was criticized that it has logical faults,however, his intention behind emphasizing the importance of publicparticipation in politics is worth noticing. In the midst of thenational crisis, most Chinese intellectuals continued to advocate ‘forthe people’ politics while Hu argued for the necessity of ‘by thepeople’ politics. Unlike his political arguments, Hu favored elitismand thus failed to gain support of the general public. Furthermore,he did not realize the danger of racism, which began with theideas of the Enlightenment. But he endeavored to spreaddemocracy, which brought many possibilities of communication anddevelopment. His contribution is significant, and will beremembered in the history of the Chinese modern ideas.
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