1920년대 초 자유주의 지식인들의 정치 활동 -‘胡適의 ‘努力정치’와 蔡元培의 ‘不合作정치’ -

Abstract

China is soaring up in economy after latter half of 20th century. centering around capitalism, the socialism which has the specific character of China was settled within the country in the late of 1990, and now China is the third biggest trading country in the world. The worry that China is faced nowadays is that it can't be governed the country by under the government's direction only. For example it can't be possible to manage the huge economy or foreign trades, or to restrict business activities of companies without establishing a law. Furthermore, it reaches to the difficult situation to deal with venting desire of individuals for the democracy and freedom which accompanies with affluent in economy. I thas been a task to embody the constitutional government and now i tis the urgent problem. At the 15th party convention in 1997, Chinese communist party adopted “administration in the conformi y with the Constitution" as a new policy for governing, and in 2004 the government published the general ideas which arranged concrete plan for embodiment of a constitutional state. For the situation in China in these days, it began to look back positively on the intellectuals who were also a liberalists Hu Shih and Ts`ai Yuan-Pei who endeavored to take root the constitutional government in China since the early 1920s. This paper is focused on the Ts`ai Yuan-Pei, Hu Shih's political ideology and movement of liberalism. In this period it can be said that their political activities can be explained as collaboration. In Declarations of the current situation such as ‘Our Political Opinion' and ‘A declaration for urging Sun Yat-sen's resigning his public post', Hu Shih prepared drafts and Ts`ai Yuan-Pei supported Hu Shih's idea. They discussed together and were active as leaders. 7th of May 1922, Hu Shih launched a political review 『The endeavor』and got his stride into criticize the problems within China. The motive for him to came out to political activities as a scholar was to reform the depraved politics of military cliques, and to take a stand against communism which insisted revolution by using violence and solution of the foundation and which attracted concerns of many intellectuals and young students. What he couldn't bear was the way of struggles of classes of Marxism. What he thought about this concept was that it tried to manage the political system of restriction and disapproval by using violence and compelling force. In second issue of 『The endeavor』 he printed ‘Our Political Opinion' which suggested liberal political ideology of West for the first time in China, and claimed minimal rights to military cliques. The principle of political idea of western liberalism was a power structure which was equipped with checks and balances within the Constitution. It was also process not to reform fundamentally but to investigate each problems and resolve these specifically. It was an attempt of pragmatism in the politics. Later, based on this opinion, Hu Shih tried constantly to settle the idea of liberal politics in China. Although he took different attitude from Hu Shih, Ts`ai Yuan-Pei was also the representative intellectual who believed liberalism. Compared to Hu Shih's activity, the political activity of Ts`ai Yuan-Pei was not to spread the liberalism itself into China, but to support educational environment on the ground of the nation salvation with education. In the situation of Ts`ai Yuan-Pei, by means of reformism, it could be planned stability in politics, cultivated talented people and upsurged morality in China. Based on this, he intended to develop the country. However when 羅文幹 who joined the ministry which was formed by liberalists, including Hu Shih, who participated in 'Our Political Opinion' was falsely arrested of a bribery scandal, this time Ts`ai Yuan-Pei protested against the depraved government, resigned his post, announced the declaration and left Beijing. In the declaration, he demanded morality of statesmen. Hu Shih supported Ts`ai Yuan-Pei's attitude by writing a article which defended Ts`ai Yuan-Pei positively. Hu Shih defined Ts`ai Yuan-Pei's principle of declaration as a denunciation against ‘助紂爲虐’(which means to participate in the dictatorship with serving the tyrant 紂 who is the symbol of a despot), supported him by saying that “a person who claims justice shouldn't help depraved government, and a upright scholar, official and journalist prosecuted that we are committing the crime in this depraved military clique" and evaluated that “the behavior of Ts`ai Yuan-Pei urged the reflection of the people and was able to make an impact on the our long spell of paralyzed senses." In this way, the liberal intellectuals in the beginning of 1920's cried against the violent revolution of communists directly, suggested parliamentarism, constitutionalism and decentralism which are the principles of western liberalism to the statesmen and attempted to these concepts to take root in China. Furthermore, demanding morality of politicians, they brought the people to an awareness and through this activity they planned reforming of politics and national salvation.