미국의 한인 2세의 사회경제적 지위와 빈곤
Socioeconomic Status and Poverty of Second Generation Korean Americans
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 2010-14년 미국 지역사회 조사(American Community Survey) 자료를 사용하여 한인 2세의 사회경제적 지위와 빈곤을 검토하였다. 한인 2세는 백인보다 빈곤자가 상대적으로 적다. 한인 2세 빈곤자는 중국계 2세나 백인과 달리 여성이 많으며, 55세 이상 고령층에서 빈곤의 가능성이 급격히 높아진다. 한인 2세 빈곤자의 학력은 백인보다 훨씬 높으며 중국계 2세보다도 더 높다. 빈곤의 가능성에 대해 로짓 회귀분석을 한 결과, 한인 2세는 중국계 2세는 물론 백인보다 빈곤의 가능성이 크다. 특히 교육 수준이 높을수록 빈곤의 가능성이 낮아지는 효과에서 한인 2세는 중국계 2세는 물론 백인보다 현저히 약하다. 한인 2세의 교육 수준이 전반적으로 매우 높기 때문에, 그들보다 상대적으로 낮은 한인 2세가 노동시장에서 이중으로 불이익을 받고 있는 것이다. ‘모범적 소수자’라는 칭호 때문에, 그러한 이미지에 미치지 못하는 한인은 같은 조건의 백인보다 더 힘들게 살고 있다는 사실이 본 연구의 가장 중요한 발견이다.
Abstract
This study surveys the socioeconomic status and poverty of second generation Korean Americans by using the American Community Survey 2010-14 dataset. The poverty rate is lower among 2nd generation Korean Americans than among Whites. In contrast to either Whites or 2nd generation Chinese Americans, more women and those of older than 55 are found poor among 2nd generation Koreans. The absolute majority of poor 2nd generation Koreans live as never married single. Poor 2nd generation Koreans are much highly educated than are poor Whites, not to mention poor 2nd generation Chinese. There are very few poor native Koreans of less than high school graduate, which is contrasted to the one forth of poor Whites being less than high school graduate. In contrast to Whites, much higher proportion of poor 2nd generation Koreans are ‘working poor.’ While income gap is quite large among 1st generation Koreans, the gap is much smaller among 2nd generation Koreans, which is even smaller compared to the income gap of either Whites or 2nd generation Chinese. A set of logit-regression analyses with chance of poverty as the dependent variable indicate that the odds of being poor is significantly larger among 2nd generation Koreans than among either Whites or 2nd generation Chinese. Particularly, the effect of education on lowering the risk of being poor is significantly smaller among 2nd generation Koreans than among Whites. It is not certain why American-born Koreans are more likely to be poor then are Whites with identical level of education, The authors suspect that the American society may not discriminate the highly educated 2nd generation Koreans, but that it does discriminate the 2nd generation Koreans when being lower in education compared to their co-ethnics. The America-born Koreans not commensurate to the image of “model minority” have to struggle under double disadvantages in the American society.
참고문헌 (29)
- 민병갑, "재미동포의 미 주류경제 및 정치참여", 재외한인학회 학술대회 발표논문 (2016), 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소
- Alba, Richard, "Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration", International Migration Review, 31, pp.826~874 (1997)
- Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, "Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation", American Sociological Review, 62(3), pp.465~480 (1996)
- Farley, Reynolds, "The New Second Generation in the United States", International Migration Review, 36(3), pp.669~701 (2002)
- Gans, Hurbert, "Second Generation Decline: Scenerios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post-1965 American Immigrants", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15, pp.173~192 (1992)
- Goyette, Kimberly A., "Educational Expectations of Asian American Youths: Determinants and Ethnic Differences", Sociology of Education, 72, pp.22~36 (1999)
- Kao, Grace, "Optimism and Achievement: The Educational Performance of Immigrant Youth", Social Science Quarterly, 76(1), pp.1~19 (1995)
- Hirschman, Charles, "Socioeconomic Gains of Asian Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1960-1976", American Journal of Sociology, 90, pp.584~607 (1984)
- Kim, ChangHwan, "Have Asian American Men Achieved Labor Market Parity with White Men?", American Sociological Review, 75(6), pp.934~957 (2010)
- Kim, ChangHwan, "Are Asian American Women Advantaged? Labor market Performance of College Educated Female Workers", Social Forces, 93(2), pp.623~652 (2014)
- Kwong, Peter, "The New Chinatown" (1996), Farrar Strauss and Giroux
- Lee, Sharon M., "Poverty and the U.S. Asian Population", Social Science Quarterly, 75(3), pp.541~559 (1994)
- Lew, Jamie, "Asian American Youth in Poverty: Benefits and Limitations of Ethnic Networks in Postsecondary and Labor Force Options", Journal of Education for Students Placed on Risk, 15, pp.127~143 (2010)
- Min, Pyong Gap, "Caught in the Middle: Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles" (1996), University of California Press
- Min, Pyong Gap, "Asian Americans" (2006), Pine Forge
- Min, Pyong Gap, "Ethnic Solidarity for Economic Survibal: Korean Greengroceries in New York City" (2008), Russell Sage Foundation
- Min, Pyong Gap, "A Four-Decade Literature on Korean Americans: A Review and a Comprehensive Bibliography", Studies of Koreans Abroad, 21, pp.15~134 (2010)
- Oh, Sookhee, "Generation and Earning Patterns Among Chinese, Filipino, and Korean Americans in New York", International Migration Review, 45(4), pp.852~871 (2011)
- Park, Julie, "International Mobility in the Post-1965Immigration Era: Estimates by an Immigrant Generation Cohort Method", Demography, 47(2), pp.369~392 (2010)
- Park, Kyeyoung, "The Korean American Dream: Immigrants and Small Business in New York City" (1997), Cornell University Press
- Sakamoto, Arthur, "The Socioeconomic Attainments of Asian Americans", Annual Review of Sociology, 53, pp.255~276 (2009)
- Sakamoto, Arthur, "Asian Americans", pp.54~77 (2006), Pine Forge
- Shin, Hyong-jin, "Ethnic Labor market Contexts and the Earning of Asian Immigrants", International Migration, 52(2), pp.140~157 (2014)
- Takei, Isao, "Poverty Among Asian Americans in the 21st Century", Sociological Perspectives, 54(2), pp.251~276 (2011)
- Xie, Yu, "Asian Americans: A Demographic Portrait" (2004), Russell Sage Foundation
- Yoon, In-Jin, "On My Way: Korean Businesses and Race Relations In America" (1997), University of Chicago Press
- Zeng, Zhen, "Asian-Americans’ Earning Disadvantage Reexamined: The Role of Place of Education", American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), pp.1075~1108 (2004)
- Zhou, Min, "Segemented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation", International Migration Review, 31(4), pp.975~1008 (1997)
- The Asian Population 2010: 2010 Census Brief, "US Census Bureau", ~ (2012)