미국 한인이민자 자녀의 성장기 주류사회 소속감의 형성: 성장지역의 맥락과 인지된 인종 관계의 영향
Construction of Sense of Belonging During Childhood and Adolescence among Children of Korean immigrants in the United States: the Impacts of Community Contexts and Perceived Race Relations
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미국의 한인이민자 자녀세대는 높은 수준의 교육 성취와 문화적응을 바탕으로 주 류 노동시장에서 성공을 거두고 있다. 많은 선행연구 속에서는 이들의 상향된 사회 경제적 지위를 근거로 미국 주류사회에 동화되고 있다고 진단한다. 그러나, 사회경 제적 지위에 대한 강조는 이들의 동화에 대한 인식, 즉 소속감이 성장기 경험을 통 해 동태적으로 형성된다는 점을 간과한다. 이를 보완하기 위해, 이 연구는 미국에 거주하는 한인이민자 성인 자녀와의 인터뷰 자료를 바탕으로 성장기 지역공동체와 학교에서의 경험이 주류사회(인종) 소속감을 어떻게 형성했는지 조사한다. 연구에 서는 특히 한인 밀집 지역과 한인 희박 지역 출신 자녀들의 성장기 경험의 차이에 주목한다. 한인 희박 지역에서 성장한 참여자들에 따르면, 지역공동체에서 한인이 라는 인종과 민족문화는 비정상적이고 일탈적으로 인지된다. 이를 통해 참여자들은 백인 주류로의 통합이 불가피하고 강요되지만 동시에 피부색으로 인해 달성 불가 능한 기획으로 이해했다. 대조적으로, 한인 밀집 지역 출신 참여자들은 문화적 차이 에 기초한 인종 관념을 발전시켰다. 백인 주류와 비교를 통해 이들은 문화적 열등 성을 내면화하고 이는 주류사회를 향한 소속감에 부정적 영향을 끼친다. 이 연구의 결과는 비백인 이민자 자녀들에게 성장기 지역공동체의 사회적 맥락, 특히 인지된 인종관계가 이들의 소속감 형성에 큰 영향을 끼친다는 점을 함의한다.
Abstract
Children of Korean immigrants in the United States in general have achieved success in the mainstream labor market thanks to educational achievement and a high level of acculturation. Prior studies suggest that based on their socioeconomic status this group is assimilated into the mainstream. However, they often do not consider their sense of belonging toward the American mainstream, which is being shaped by their experiences mainly during childhood and adolescence, not always determined by their socioeconomic status. This study explores how the experiences in local communities and schools during childhood and adolescence among children of Korean immigrants shape their sense of belonging towards the mainstream society and race. Drawing upon the in-depth interviews with 69 adult children of Korean immigrants, this study examines the role of local racial contexts by comparing those from ethnically-concentrated regions with those from ethnically-sparse regions. Findings reveal that the participants from ethnically-sparse regions see Korean race and culture as abnormal and deviant. For them, thus, incorporation into the white mainstream is understood as forced but unattainable. By contrast, the participants from ethnically-concentrated regions see race relations based on cultural difference. They perceive their culture as inferior to that of whites, which negatively affects their sense of belonging. Findings suggest that the perceived race relations resulting from their adolescent experiences in local communities shape the participants’ sense of belonging.
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