재미한인 차세대의 인구학적 특성과 사회경제적 지위 성취: 세대별 및 민족집단별 비교
Demographic Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status Attainment of the Future Generation of Korean Americans: Inter-generation and Inter-group Comparisons
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이 논문은 재미한인 차세대의 인구학적 특성과 사회경제적 지위 성취에 대한 탐색적인 연구이다. 재미한인 사회의 중요한 변화 중의 하나가 세대교체라는 점에 주목하여 이 연구에서는 재미한인을 1세, 1.5세, 2세로 구분하여 각 세대별 인구학적 특성과 사회경제적 지위를 비교하고, 한인 세대를 다른 아시안 집단의 동일세대와 비교하였다. 주된 자료는 2000년 미국 인구센서스의 5% 표본자료이다. 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 현재 재미한인 1.5세와 2세는 10~20대의 청소년과 청년들이 대부분이어서 아직 본격적으로 경제활동을 하지는 않지만 성인 1.5세와 2세는 1세에 비교해서 전문직, 관리직에 종사하는 비율이 높고, 자영업보다는 사기업체의 피고용인 또는 공공직의 공무원으로 일하는 비율이 높다. 1세에 비교해서 자영업이나 또는 한인 사업체의 피고용인으로 일하면서 민족경제에 참여하기보다는 주류 노동시장에서 일하는 비율이 더욱 높다. 한인 1.5세와 2세의 사회경제적 지위는 한인보다 미국 정착의 역사가 긴 중국인과 일본인과 비교하면 다소 떨어지는 경향이 있지만 그 차이가 그리 크지는 않다. 한인 1.5세와 2세의 아직 어린 연령구조와 이들의 영어능력, 미국식 교육, 그리고 미국사회문화에의 동화 정도를 감안하면 이들은 앞으로 빠른 속도로 자영업과 민족경제로부터 이탈하고 그 대신에 미국 주류사회로 진출할 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
This paper aims at examining demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status attainment of the future generation of Korean Americans. Because a shift in generations is one of the most important changes in the Korean American community, we distinguish Korean Americans into the first, 1.5, and second generations and compare each generation’s demographic characteristics and social and economic statuses. We also compare each generation of Korean Americans with the corresponding generation of other Asian American groups. The main source of data came from the 5% Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 2000 U.S. Census. The major research findings are as follows. At present, the 1.5 and second generations are in the 10-30 age bracket and many of them do not participate fully in the labor force. Once employed, the 1.5 and second generations are more likely than the first generation to work as professionals and administrators and to work in private companies or government than to work as self-employed workers. They are more likely to work in the mainstream economy than in the Korean ethnic economy. The social and economic statuses of Korean American 1.5 and second generations are slightly lower than those of Chinese-and Japanese Americans, who have a longer history of residence in the United States, but their statuses are equal to those of other more recent Asian American groups like Indian Americans and Filipino Americans. When we take into account their relatively young ages and a good command of English, American education, and rapid assimilation into American culture and society, they are expected to enter U.S. mainstream society rapidly and achieve high social and economic statuses.
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